Detection of Apple Trees in Orchard Using Monocular Camera
This study proposes an object detector for apple trees as a first step in developing agricultural digital twins. An original dataset of orchard images was created and used to train Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) and You Only Look Once (YOLO) models. Performance was evaluated using mean Average...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/5/564 |
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| _version_ | 1850050902430318592 |
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| author | Stephanie Nix Airi Sato Hirokazu Madokoro Satoshi Yamamoto Yo Nishimura Kazuhito Sato |
| author_facet | Stephanie Nix Airi Sato Hirokazu Madokoro Satoshi Yamamoto Yo Nishimura Kazuhito Sato |
| author_sort | Stephanie Nix |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study proposes an object detector for apple trees as a first step in developing agricultural digital twins. An original dataset of orchard images was created and used to train Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) and You Only Look Once (YOLO) models. Performance was evaluated using mean Average Precision (mAP). YOLO significantly outperformed SSD, achieving 91.3% mAP compared to the SSD’s 46.7%. Results indicate YOLO’s Darknet-53 backbone extracts more complex features suited to tree detection. This work demonstrates the potential of deep learning for automated data collection in smart farming applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-522e51c71d2c41f8874cd9f3f11010e1 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj-art-522e51c71d2c41f8874cd9f3f11010e12025-08-20T02:53:19ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722025-03-0115556410.3390/agriculture15050564Detection of Apple Trees in Orchard Using Monocular CameraStephanie Nix0Airi Sato1Hirokazu Madokoro2Satoshi Yamamoto3Yo Nishimura4Kazuhito Sato5Faculty of Software and Information Science, Iwate Prefectural University, Takizawa 020-0693, JapanFaculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo 015-0055, JapanFaculty of Software and Information Science, Iwate Prefectural University, Takizawa 020-0693, JapanFaculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, JapanAgri-Innovation Education and Research Center, Akita Prefectural University, Ogata 010-0451, JapanFaculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo 015-0055, JapanThis study proposes an object detector for apple trees as a first step in developing agricultural digital twins. An original dataset of orchard images was created and used to train Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) and You Only Look Once (YOLO) models. Performance was evaluated using mean Average Precision (mAP). YOLO significantly outperformed SSD, achieving 91.3% mAP compared to the SSD’s 46.7%. Results indicate YOLO’s Darknet-53 backbone extracts more complex features suited to tree detection. This work demonstrates the potential of deep learning for automated data collection in smart farming applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/5/564smart farmingSingle Shot MultiBox DetectorYou Only Look Onceconvolutional neural networkdigital twin |
| spellingShingle | Stephanie Nix Airi Sato Hirokazu Madokoro Satoshi Yamamoto Yo Nishimura Kazuhito Sato Detection of Apple Trees in Orchard Using Monocular Camera Agriculture smart farming Single Shot MultiBox Detector You Only Look Once convolutional neural network digital twin |
| title | Detection of Apple Trees in Orchard Using Monocular Camera |
| title_full | Detection of Apple Trees in Orchard Using Monocular Camera |
| title_fullStr | Detection of Apple Trees in Orchard Using Monocular Camera |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection of Apple Trees in Orchard Using Monocular Camera |
| title_short | Detection of Apple Trees in Orchard Using Monocular Camera |
| title_sort | detection of apple trees in orchard using monocular camera |
| topic | smart farming Single Shot MultiBox Detector You Only Look Once convolutional neural network digital twin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/5/564 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stephanienix detectionofappletreesinorchardusingmonocularcamera AT airisato detectionofappletreesinorchardusingmonocularcamera AT hirokazumadokoro detectionofappletreesinorchardusingmonocularcamera AT satoshiyamamoto detectionofappletreesinorchardusingmonocularcamera AT yonishimura detectionofappletreesinorchardusingmonocularcamera AT kazuhitosato detectionofappletreesinorchardusingmonocularcamera |