After Extraction, Upper Premolars Undergo Programmed Socket Collapse with Development of Cavitations Rather than Complete Socket Healing: A Radiological Study
The alveolar ridge undergoes a loss in volume and atrophy after tooth extraction. Understanding the wound healing and bone regeneration process after tooth extraction is a key factor in the insertion of dental implants. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the socket healing proces...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Shahram Ghanaati Joanna Śmieszek-Wilczewska Sarah Al-Maawi Anja Heselich Robert Sader |
| author_facet | Shahram Ghanaati Joanna Śmieszek-Wilczewska Sarah Al-Maawi Anja Heselich Robert Sader |
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| description | The alveolar ridge undergoes a loss in volume and atrophy after tooth extraction. Understanding the wound healing and bone regeneration process after tooth extraction is a key factor in the insertion of dental implants. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the socket healing process after the extraction of upper premolars based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) over six months. Special focus was placed on the morphological changes in the alveolar crest and within the socket. A retrospective analysis of patients in need of tooth extraction in the upper premolar region was performed in this study. All patients received flapless tooth extraction under local anesthesia and CBCT immediately after tooth extraction. Further CBCT analysis was performed after three months for the first group (<i>n</i> = 18) and after six months for the second group (<i>n</i> = 18). The results showed that all sockets underwent an inward movement of the defect walls towards the defect center, resulting in reduced total alveolar ridge volume and defect volume. This result was observed after three months and persisted after six months. The inward movement was quantified as a vertical socket collapse of up to 30.1 ± 9.0% after three months and 34.3 ± 6.7% after six months. The horizontal inward movement was quantified as a buccal socket collapse of 47.7 ± 12.3% after three months and 55.7 ± 29.1% after six months. New bone formation within the socket was evident, especially in the occlusal part of the socket. Additionally, bone formation was primarily observed as bone apposition along the socket walls and did not reach the defect center in most cases. The combination of socket collapse and bone apposition led to the formation of cavitations inside the socket that were mostly localized under the occlusal part. These novel findings with respect to socket collapse and formation of cavitation represent a paradigm shift and call for reconsidering the current understanding of socket healing. Based on the data, socket healing should be understood as a patient-specific process that requires 3D radiographic analysis for planning dental implants. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-51f9b1e10ecf434ba047ad99a8d4b1ab2025-08-20T02:44:59ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542025-01-0112212810.3390/bioengineering12020128After Extraction, Upper Premolars Undergo Programmed Socket Collapse with Development of Cavitations Rather than Complete Socket Healing: A Radiological StudyShahram Ghanaati0Joanna Śmieszek-Wilczewska1Sarah Al-Maawi2Anja Heselich3Robert Sader4FORM-Lab (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine-Research Laboratory), Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyDenticus Clinic, Lelewela 1/1, 44-100 Gliwice, PolandFORM-Lab (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine-Research Laboratory), Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyFORM-Lab (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine-Research Laboratory), Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyFORM-Lab (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine-Research Laboratory), Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyThe alveolar ridge undergoes a loss in volume and atrophy after tooth extraction. Understanding the wound healing and bone regeneration process after tooth extraction is a key factor in the insertion of dental implants. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the socket healing process after the extraction of upper premolars based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) over six months. Special focus was placed on the morphological changes in the alveolar crest and within the socket. A retrospective analysis of patients in need of tooth extraction in the upper premolar region was performed in this study. All patients received flapless tooth extraction under local anesthesia and CBCT immediately after tooth extraction. Further CBCT analysis was performed after three months for the first group (<i>n</i> = 18) and after six months for the second group (<i>n</i> = 18). The results showed that all sockets underwent an inward movement of the defect walls towards the defect center, resulting in reduced total alveolar ridge volume and defect volume. This result was observed after three months and persisted after six months. The inward movement was quantified as a vertical socket collapse of up to 30.1 ± 9.0% after three months and 34.3 ± 6.7% after six months. The horizontal inward movement was quantified as a buccal socket collapse of 47.7 ± 12.3% after three months and 55.7 ± 29.1% after six months. New bone formation within the socket was evident, especially in the occlusal part of the socket. Additionally, bone formation was primarily observed as bone apposition along the socket walls and did not reach the defect center in most cases. The combination of socket collapse and bone apposition led to the formation of cavitations inside the socket that were mostly localized under the occlusal part. These novel findings with respect to socket collapse and formation of cavitation represent a paradigm shift and call for reconsidering the current understanding of socket healing. Based on the data, socket healing should be understood as a patient-specific process that requires 3D radiographic analysis for planning dental implants.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/2/128extraction socket healingbone regenerationsocket preservationimplantology |
| spellingShingle | Shahram Ghanaati Joanna Śmieszek-Wilczewska Sarah Al-Maawi Anja Heselich Robert Sader After Extraction, Upper Premolars Undergo Programmed Socket Collapse with Development of Cavitations Rather than Complete Socket Healing: A Radiological Study Bioengineering extraction socket healing bone regeneration socket preservation implantology |
| title | After Extraction, Upper Premolars Undergo Programmed Socket Collapse with Development of Cavitations Rather than Complete Socket Healing: A Radiological Study |
| title_full | After Extraction, Upper Premolars Undergo Programmed Socket Collapse with Development of Cavitations Rather than Complete Socket Healing: A Radiological Study |
| title_fullStr | After Extraction, Upper Premolars Undergo Programmed Socket Collapse with Development of Cavitations Rather than Complete Socket Healing: A Radiological Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | After Extraction, Upper Premolars Undergo Programmed Socket Collapse with Development of Cavitations Rather than Complete Socket Healing: A Radiological Study |
| title_short | After Extraction, Upper Premolars Undergo Programmed Socket Collapse with Development of Cavitations Rather than Complete Socket Healing: A Radiological Study |
| title_sort | after extraction upper premolars undergo programmed socket collapse with development of cavitations rather than complete socket healing a radiological study |
| topic | extraction socket healing bone regeneration socket preservation implantology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/2/128 |
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