Antibacterial and Inhibitory Activity of Nora and Mepa Efflux Pumps of Estragole Complexed to β-Cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) In Vitro Against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteria, Molecular Docking and MPO-Based Pharmacokinetics Prediction

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> The work investigates the effect of the estragole complex encapsulated in beta-cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) in modulating bacterial resistance, specifically in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> strains expressing NorA and MepA efflux pumps. Efflux pumps are...

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Main Authors: Roger Henrique Sousa da Costa, Renata Torres Pessoa, Eduardo dos Santos Silva, Isaac Moura Araujo, Sheila Alves Gonçalves, Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha, Francisco Nascimento Pereira Junior, Naiara Cipriano Oliveira, Victor Moreira de Oliveira, Matheus Nunes da Rocha, Emmanuel Silva Marinho, Natália Kelly Gomes de Carvalho, José Galberto Martins da Costa, Hélcio Silva dos Santos, Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Pharmaceutics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/11/1469
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author Roger Henrique Sousa da Costa
Renata Torres Pessoa
Eduardo dos Santos Silva
Isaac Moura Araujo
Sheila Alves Gonçalves
Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
Francisco Nascimento Pereira Junior
Naiara Cipriano Oliveira
Victor Moreira de Oliveira
Matheus Nunes da Rocha
Emmanuel Silva Marinho
Natália Kelly Gomes de Carvalho
José Galberto Martins da Costa
Hélcio Silva dos Santos
Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
author_facet Roger Henrique Sousa da Costa
Renata Torres Pessoa
Eduardo dos Santos Silva
Isaac Moura Araujo
Sheila Alves Gonçalves
Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
Francisco Nascimento Pereira Junior
Naiara Cipriano Oliveira
Victor Moreira de Oliveira
Matheus Nunes da Rocha
Emmanuel Silva Marinho
Natália Kelly Gomes de Carvalho
José Galberto Martins da Costa
Hélcio Silva dos Santos
Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
author_sort Roger Henrique Sousa da Costa
collection DOAJ
description <b>Background/Objectives:</b> The work investigates the effect of the estragole complex encapsulated in beta-cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) in modulating bacterial resistance, specifically in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> strains expressing NorA and MepA efflux pumps. Efflux pumps are mechanisms that bacteria use to resist antibiotics by expelling them from the cell. Methodology: Several compounds and antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and the ability of the ES/β-CD complex to reverse resistance. <b>Methods:</b> The study included scanning electron microscopy assays, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, and efflux pump inhibition tests. <b>Results:</b> The ES/β-CD complex did not show significant direct antibacterial activity. However, it modulated the action of norfloxacin, decreasing the MIC when combined with this antibiotic in the 1199B (NorA) strain. These results suggest a potential for synergy but not a direct inhibition of efflux pumps. Conclusion: ES/β-CD can potentiate the efficacy of some antibiotics but does not directly act as an efflux pump inhibitor; it is more of an antibiotic potentiator than a direct solution to bacterial resistance. The molecular docking simulation data suggest its high affinity for forming the ES/β-CD complex. The pharmacokinetic predictions based on MPO suggest that the compound has moderate lipophilicity, highly effective cellular permeability, and low incidence of organic toxicity, pointing to a promising pharmacological principle with controlled daily oral dosing. <b>Conclusions:</b> These results indicate this complex’s possible and relevant association as an adjuvant in antibiotic therapy to reduce multidrug-resistant bacteria; however, new in vivo assays are necessary to confirm this effect.
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spelling doaj-art-51e4a8c0ecdd452cb666e716eebcdde52025-08-20T01:53:57ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232024-11-011611146910.3390/pharmaceutics16111469Antibacterial and Inhibitory Activity of Nora and Mepa Efflux Pumps of Estragole Complexed to β-Cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) In Vitro Against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteria, Molecular Docking and MPO-Based Pharmacokinetics PredictionRoger Henrique Sousa da Costa0Renata Torres Pessoa1Eduardo dos Santos Silva2Isaac Moura Araujo3Sheila Alves Gonçalves4Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha5Francisco Nascimento Pereira Junior6Naiara Cipriano Oliveira7Victor Moreira de Oliveira8Matheus Nunes da Rocha9Emmanuel Silva Marinho10Natália Kelly Gomes de Carvalho11José Galberto Martins da Costa12Hélcio Silva dos Santos13Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes14Veterinary Medicine Course, Maurício de Nassau University Center, Juazeiro do Norte 63010-475, CE, BrazilLaboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, BrazilLaboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, BrazilLaboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Crato 63105-000, CE, BrazilLaboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Crato 63105-000, CE, BrazilLaboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Crato 63105-000, CE, BrazilCenter for Agricultural and Biodiversity Sciences, Federal University of Cariri, Crato 63130-025, CE, BrazilDepartment of Physics, Regional University of Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte 63041-145, CE, BrazilProgram in Natural Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, BrazilProgram in Natural Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, BrazilProgram in Natural Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, BrazilLaboratory of Research and Natural Product (LPPN), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, BrazilLaboratory of Research and Natural Product (LPPN), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, BrazilCenter for Exact Sciences and Technology, Vale do Acaraú University, Sobral 62040-370, CE, BrazilLaboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil<b>Background/Objectives:</b> The work investigates the effect of the estragole complex encapsulated in beta-cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) in modulating bacterial resistance, specifically in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> strains expressing NorA and MepA efflux pumps. Efflux pumps are mechanisms that bacteria use to resist antibiotics by expelling them from the cell. Methodology: Several compounds and antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and the ability of the ES/β-CD complex to reverse resistance. <b>Methods:</b> The study included scanning electron microscopy assays, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, and efflux pump inhibition tests. <b>Results:</b> The ES/β-CD complex did not show significant direct antibacterial activity. However, it modulated the action of norfloxacin, decreasing the MIC when combined with this antibiotic in the 1199B (NorA) strain. These results suggest a potential for synergy but not a direct inhibition of efflux pumps. Conclusion: ES/β-CD can potentiate the efficacy of some antibiotics but does not directly act as an efflux pump inhibitor; it is more of an antibiotic potentiator than a direct solution to bacterial resistance. The molecular docking simulation data suggest its high affinity for forming the ES/β-CD complex. The pharmacokinetic predictions based on MPO suggest that the compound has moderate lipophilicity, highly effective cellular permeability, and low incidence of organic toxicity, pointing to a promising pharmacological principle with controlled daily oral dosing. <b>Conclusions:</b> These results indicate this complex’s possible and relevant association as an adjuvant in antibiotic therapy to reduce multidrug-resistant bacteria; however, new in vivo assays are necessary to confirm this effect.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/11/1469efflux pumpterpenesbacterial resistanceestragole
spellingShingle Roger Henrique Sousa da Costa
Renata Torres Pessoa
Eduardo dos Santos Silva
Isaac Moura Araujo
Sheila Alves Gonçalves
Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
Francisco Nascimento Pereira Junior
Naiara Cipriano Oliveira
Victor Moreira de Oliveira
Matheus Nunes da Rocha
Emmanuel Silva Marinho
Natália Kelly Gomes de Carvalho
José Galberto Martins da Costa
Hélcio Silva dos Santos
Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
Antibacterial and Inhibitory Activity of Nora and Mepa Efflux Pumps of Estragole Complexed to β-Cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) In Vitro Against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteria, Molecular Docking and MPO-Based Pharmacokinetics Prediction
Pharmaceutics
efflux pump
terpenes
bacterial resistance
estragole
title Antibacterial and Inhibitory Activity of Nora and Mepa Efflux Pumps of Estragole Complexed to β-Cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) In Vitro Against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteria, Molecular Docking and MPO-Based Pharmacokinetics Prediction
title_full Antibacterial and Inhibitory Activity of Nora and Mepa Efflux Pumps of Estragole Complexed to β-Cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) In Vitro Against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteria, Molecular Docking and MPO-Based Pharmacokinetics Prediction
title_fullStr Antibacterial and Inhibitory Activity of Nora and Mepa Efflux Pumps of Estragole Complexed to β-Cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) In Vitro Against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteria, Molecular Docking and MPO-Based Pharmacokinetics Prediction
title_full_unstemmed Antibacterial and Inhibitory Activity of Nora and Mepa Efflux Pumps of Estragole Complexed to β-Cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) In Vitro Against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteria, Molecular Docking and MPO-Based Pharmacokinetics Prediction
title_short Antibacterial and Inhibitory Activity of Nora and Mepa Efflux Pumps of Estragole Complexed to β-Cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) In Vitro Against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteria, Molecular Docking and MPO-Based Pharmacokinetics Prediction
title_sort antibacterial and inhibitory activity of nora and mepa efflux pumps of estragole complexed to β cyclodextrin es β cd in vitro against i staphylococcus aureus i bacteria molecular docking and mpo based pharmacokinetics prediction
topic efflux pump
terpenes
bacterial resistance
estragole
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/11/1469
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