Application of Metabolomics and the Discovery of Potential Serum Biomarkers for Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure

Background: Diuretic resistance (DR) is characterized by insufficient fluid and sodium excretion enhancement despite maximum loop diuretic doses, indicating a phenotype of refractory heart failure (HF). Recently, metabolomics has emerged as a crucial tool for diagnosing and unders...

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Main Authors: Yipin Yu, Qiong Yi, Chenglong Yang, Xudong Song, Duoting Tan, Qinghua Peng, Xiang Sun, Hao Liang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IMR Press 2025-04-01
Series:Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
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Online Access:https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/26/4/10.31083/RCM27001
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author Yipin Yu
Qiong Yi
Chenglong Yang
Xudong Song
Duoting Tan
Qinghua Peng
Xiang Sun
Hao Liang
author_facet Yipin Yu
Qiong Yi
Chenglong Yang
Xudong Song
Duoting Tan
Qinghua Peng
Xiang Sun
Hao Liang
author_sort Yipin Yu
collection DOAJ
description Background: Diuretic resistance (DR) is characterized by insufficient fluid and sodium excretion enhancement despite maximum loop diuretic doses, indicating a phenotype of refractory heart failure (HF). Recently, metabolomics has emerged as a crucial tool for diagnosing and understanding the pathogenesis of various diseases. This study aimed to differentiate diuretic-resistant patients from non-resistant HF to identify biomarkers linked to the emergence of DR. Methods: Serum samples from HF patients, both with and without DR, were subjected to non-targeted metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolite variations between groups were identified using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-square discriminant analysis. Metabolic pathways were assessed through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database enrichment analysis, and potential biomarkers were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs). Results: In total, 192 metabolites exhibited significant differences across the two sample groups. Among these, up-regulation was observed in 164 metabolites, while 28 metabolites were down-regulated. A total of 28 pathways involving neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and amino acid biosynthesis were affected. The top five metabolites identified by ROC analysis as potential DR biomarkers were hydroxykynurenine, perillic acid, adrenic acid, 5-acetamidovalerate, and adipic acid. Conclusions: Significant differences in metabolite profiles were observed between the diuretic-resistant and non-diuretic-resistant groups among patients with HF. The top five differentially expressed endogenous metabolites were hydroxykynurenine, perillic acid, adrenic acid, 5-acetamidovalerate, and adipic acid. The metabolic primary pathways implicated in DR were noted as amino acid, energy, and nucleotide metabolism. Clinical Trial Registration: This study was registered with the China Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.html?id=197183&v=1.7, ChiCTR2100053587).
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issn 1530-6550
language English
publishDate 2025-04-01
publisher IMR Press
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series Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
spelling doaj-art-51bbb4172c8b4cb480084c211674f0602025-08-20T02:28:55ZengIMR PressReviews in Cardiovascular Medicine1530-65502025-04-012642700110.31083/RCM27001S1530-6550(25)01756-9Application of Metabolomics and the Discovery of Potential Serum Biomarkers for Diuretic Resistance in Heart FailureYipin Yu0Qiong Yi1Chenglong Yang2Xudong Song3Duoting Tan4Qinghua Peng5Xiang Sun6Hao Liang7Institute of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208 Changsha, Hunan, ChinaICU Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410021 Changsha, Hunan, ChinaCardiovascular Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410021 Changsha, Hunan, ChinaInstitute of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208 Changsha, Hunan, ChinaInstitute of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208 Changsha, Hunan, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208 Changsha, Hunan, ChinaCardiology Department, Changsha Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 410001 Changsha, Hunan, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208 Changsha, Hunan, ChinaBackground: Diuretic resistance (DR) is characterized by insufficient fluid and sodium excretion enhancement despite maximum loop diuretic doses, indicating a phenotype of refractory heart failure (HF). Recently, metabolomics has emerged as a crucial tool for diagnosing and understanding the pathogenesis of various diseases. This study aimed to differentiate diuretic-resistant patients from non-resistant HF to identify biomarkers linked to the emergence of DR. Methods: Serum samples from HF patients, both with and without DR, were subjected to non-targeted metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolite variations between groups were identified using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-square discriminant analysis. Metabolic pathways were assessed through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database enrichment analysis, and potential biomarkers were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs). Results: In total, 192 metabolites exhibited significant differences across the two sample groups. Among these, up-regulation was observed in 164 metabolites, while 28 metabolites were down-regulated. A total of 28 pathways involving neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and amino acid biosynthesis were affected. The top five metabolites identified by ROC analysis as potential DR biomarkers were hydroxykynurenine, perillic acid, adrenic acid, 5-acetamidovalerate, and adipic acid. Conclusions: Significant differences in metabolite profiles were observed between the diuretic-resistant and non-diuretic-resistant groups among patients with HF. The top five differentially expressed endogenous metabolites were hydroxykynurenine, perillic acid, adrenic acid, 5-acetamidovalerate, and adipic acid. The metabolic primary pathways implicated in DR were noted as amino acid, energy, and nucleotide metabolism. Clinical Trial Registration: This study was registered with the China Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.html?id=197183&v=1.7, ChiCTR2100053587).https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/26/4/10.31083/RCM27001heart failurediuretic resistancemetabolomicbiomarker
spellingShingle Yipin Yu
Qiong Yi
Chenglong Yang
Xudong Song
Duoting Tan
Qinghua Peng
Xiang Sun
Hao Liang
Application of Metabolomics and the Discovery of Potential Serum Biomarkers for Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure
Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
heart failure
diuretic resistance
metabolomic
biomarker
title Application of Metabolomics and the Discovery of Potential Serum Biomarkers for Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure
title_full Application of Metabolomics and the Discovery of Potential Serum Biomarkers for Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure
title_fullStr Application of Metabolomics and the Discovery of Potential Serum Biomarkers for Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure
title_full_unstemmed Application of Metabolomics and the Discovery of Potential Serum Biomarkers for Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure
title_short Application of Metabolomics and the Discovery of Potential Serum Biomarkers for Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure
title_sort application of metabolomics and the discovery of potential serum biomarkers for diuretic resistance in heart failure
topic heart failure
diuretic resistance
metabolomic
biomarker
url https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/26/4/10.31083/RCM27001
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