The Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 2024 May: A Flash Data Report
In 2024 May, the scientific community observed intense solar eruptions that resulted in a great geomagnetic storm and auroral extensions, highlighting the need to document and quantify these events. This study mainly focuses on their quantification. The source active region (AR; NOAA Active Region 1...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9335 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1841525214779801600 |
|---|---|
| author | Hisashi Hayakawa Yusuke Ebihara Alexander Mishev Sergey Koldobskiy Kanya Kusano Sabrina Bechet Seiji Yashiro Kazumasa Iwai Atsuki Shinbori Kalevi Mursula Fusa Miyake Daikou Shiota Marcos V. D. Silveira Robert Stuart Denny M. Oliveira Sachiko Akiyama Kouji Ohnishi Vincent Ledvina Yoshizumi Miyoshi |
| author_facet | Hisashi Hayakawa Yusuke Ebihara Alexander Mishev Sergey Koldobskiy Kanya Kusano Sabrina Bechet Seiji Yashiro Kazumasa Iwai Atsuki Shinbori Kalevi Mursula Fusa Miyake Daikou Shiota Marcos V. D. Silveira Robert Stuart Denny M. Oliveira Sachiko Akiyama Kouji Ohnishi Vincent Ledvina Yoshizumi Miyoshi |
| author_sort | Hisashi Hayakawa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In 2024 May, the scientific community observed intense solar eruptions that resulted in a great geomagnetic storm and auroral extensions, highlighting the need to document and quantify these events. This study mainly focuses on their quantification. The source active region (AR; NOAA Active Region 13664) evolved from 113 to 2761 millionths of the solar hemisphere between May 4 and 14. NOAA AR 13664’s magnetic free energy surpassed 10 ^33 erg on May 7, triggering 12 X-class flares on May 8–15. Multiple interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) were produced from this AR, accelerating solar energetic particles toward Earth. According to satellite and interplanetary scintillation data, at least four ICMEs erupted from AR 13664, eventually overcoming and combining each other. The shock arrival at 17:05 UT on May 10 significantly compressed the magnetosphere down to ≈5.04 R _E and triggered a deep Forbush Decrease. GOES satellite data and ground-based neutron monitors confirmed a ground-level enhancement from 2 UT to 10 UT on 2024 May 11. The ICMEs induced exceptional geomagnetic storms, peaking at a provisional Dst index of −412 nT at 2 UT on May 11, marking the sixth-largest storm since 1957. The AE and AL indices showed great auroral extensions that located the AE/AL stations into the polar cap. We gathered auroral records at that time and reconstructed the equatorward boundary of the visual auroral oval to 29.°8 invariant latitude. We compared naked-eye and camera auroral visibility, providing critical caveats on their difference. We also confirmed global disturbances of the storm-enhanced density of the ionosphere. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-51b19d777cb2486f9025c0963b481ca4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-51b19d777cb2486f9025c0963b481ca42025-01-17T18:01:03ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-0197914910.3847/1538-4357/ad9335The Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 2024 May: A Flash Data ReportHisashi Hayakawa0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5370-3365Yusuke Ebihara1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2293-1557Alexander Mishev2Sergey Koldobskiy3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9187-0383Kanya Kusano4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6814-6810Sabrina Bechet5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4737-5873Seiji Yashiro6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-3785Kazumasa Iwai7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2464-5212Atsuki Shinbori8Kalevi Mursula9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4892-5056Fusa Miyake10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-9601Daikou Shiota11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-8792Marcos V. D. Silveira12Robert Stuart13Denny M. Oliveira14Sachiko Akiyama15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7281-1166Kouji Ohnishi16https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-2844Vincent Ledvina17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-5105Yoshizumi Miyoshi18Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan ; hisashi@nagoya-u.jp; Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan; Space Physics and Operations Division , RAL Space, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, UK; Astro-Glaciology Laboratory , Riken Nishina Centre, Wako, JapanResearch Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji, Japan; Unit of Synergetic Studies for Space, Kyoto University , Kyoto, JapanSodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland; Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu, FinlandSodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland; Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu, FinlandInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan ; hisashi@nagoya-u.jpRoyal Observatory of Belgium , Brussels, BelgiumThe Catholic University of America , Washington, DC, USA; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD, USAInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan ; hisashi@nagoya-u.jpInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan ; hisashi@nagoya-u.jpSpace Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu, FinlandInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan ; hisashi@nagoya-u.jpInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan ; hisashi@nagoya-u.jp; National Institute of Information and Communications Technology , JapanUniversity of São Paulo , Lorena School of Engineering, Lorena, BrazilNewtown Astronomical Society , Rhayader, UKNASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD, USA; Goddard Planetary Heliophysics Institute, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USAThe Catholic University of America , Washington, DC, USA; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD, USAFaculty of Liberal Arts, Department of Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagano College , Nagano, JapanGeophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks, AK, USAInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan ; hisashi@nagoya-u.jpIn 2024 May, the scientific community observed intense solar eruptions that resulted in a great geomagnetic storm and auroral extensions, highlighting the need to document and quantify these events. This study mainly focuses on their quantification. The source active region (AR; NOAA Active Region 13664) evolved from 113 to 2761 millionths of the solar hemisphere between May 4 and 14. NOAA AR 13664’s magnetic free energy surpassed 10 ^33 erg on May 7, triggering 12 X-class flares on May 8–15. Multiple interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) were produced from this AR, accelerating solar energetic particles toward Earth. According to satellite and interplanetary scintillation data, at least four ICMEs erupted from AR 13664, eventually overcoming and combining each other. The shock arrival at 17:05 UT on May 10 significantly compressed the magnetosphere down to ≈5.04 R _E and triggered a deep Forbush Decrease. GOES satellite data and ground-based neutron monitors confirmed a ground-level enhancement from 2 UT to 10 UT on 2024 May 11. The ICMEs induced exceptional geomagnetic storms, peaking at a provisional Dst index of −412 nT at 2 UT on May 11, marking the sixth-largest storm since 1957. The AE and AL indices showed great auroral extensions that located the AE/AL stations into the polar cap. We gathered auroral records at that time and reconstructed the equatorward boundary of the visual auroral oval to 29.°8 invariant latitude. We compared naked-eye and camera auroral visibility, providing critical caveats on their difference. We also confirmed global disturbances of the storm-enhanced density of the ionosphere.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9335Solar stormSolar flaresSolar coronal mass ejectionsSolar active regionsSunspot groupsCosmic rays |
| spellingShingle | Hisashi Hayakawa Yusuke Ebihara Alexander Mishev Sergey Koldobskiy Kanya Kusano Sabrina Bechet Seiji Yashiro Kazumasa Iwai Atsuki Shinbori Kalevi Mursula Fusa Miyake Daikou Shiota Marcos V. D. Silveira Robert Stuart Denny M. Oliveira Sachiko Akiyama Kouji Ohnishi Vincent Ledvina Yoshizumi Miyoshi The Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 2024 May: A Flash Data Report The Astrophysical Journal Solar storm Solar flares Solar coronal mass ejections Solar active regions Sunspot groups Cosmic rays |
| title | The Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 2024 May: A Flash Data Report |
| title_full | The Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 2024 May: A Flash Data Report |
| title_fullStr | The Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 2024 May: A Flash Data Report |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 2024 May: A Flash Data Report |
| title_short | The Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 2024 May: A Flash Data Report |
| title_sort | solar and geomagnetic storms in 2024 may a flash data report |
| topic | Solar storm Solar flares Solar coronal mass ejections Solar active regions Sunspot groups Cosmic rays |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9335 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hisashihayakawa thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT yusukeebihara thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT alexandermishev thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT sergeykoldobskiy thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT kanyakusano thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT sabrinabechet thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT seijiyashiro thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT kazumasaiwai thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT atsukishinbori thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT kalevimursula thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT fusamiyake thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT daikoushiota thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT marcosvdsilveira thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT robertstuart thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT dennymoliveira thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT sachikoakiyama thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT koujiohnishi thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT vincentledvina thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT yoshizumimiyoshi thesolarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT hisashihayakawa solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT yusukeebihara solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT alexandermishev solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT sergeykoldobskiy solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT kanyakusano solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT sabrinabechet solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT seijiyashiro solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT kazumasaiwai solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT atsukishinbori solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT kalevimursula solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT fusamiyake solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT daikoushiota solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT marcosvdsilveira solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT robertstuart solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT dennymoliveira solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT sachikoakiyama solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT koujiohnishi solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT vincentledvina solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport AT yoshizumimiyoshi solarandgeomagneticstormsin2024mayaflashdatareport |