Unsteady MHD flow of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluid in a darcy-forchheimer porous medium over a permeable stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]
Background This research investigates the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, heat, and mass transfer of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluids over a permeable stretching sheet. The study considers three types of nanoparticles—aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), copper (Cu), and titanium oxide (TiO₂...
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F1000 Research Ltd
2025-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://f1000research.com/articles/14-152/v2 |
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| author | Gurju Awgichew Zergaw Eshetu Haile Gorfie Asfaw Tsegaye Moltot Hunegnaw Dessie |
| author_facet | Gurju Awgichew Zergaw Eshetu Haile Gorfie Asfaw Tsegaye Moltot Hunegnaw Dessie |
| author_sort | Gurju Awgichew Zergaw |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background This research investigates the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, heat, and mass transfer of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluids over a permeable stretching sheet. The study considers three types of nanoparticles—aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), copper (Cu), and titanium oxide (TiO₂)—dispersed in a base fluid of ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂). This ternary hybrid nanofluid (Al₂O₃–Cu–TiO₂/C₂H₆O₂) has potential applications in cooling systems, biomedical uses for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia treatments, heat exchangers, and polymer processing techniques like extrusion and casting. Methods This study will examine the combined effects of Weissenberg number, power law index, nanoparticle volume fraction, viscous dissipation, magnetic field, heat generation, nonlinear thermal radiation, temperature ratio, Joule heating, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, porous permeability, variable thermal conductivity, Eckert number, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, chemical reaction, velocity ratio, and Forchheimer number on the electrical conductivity of unsteady flow in tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluids. The governing equations are transformed into similarity equations using appropriate transformations and solved numerically with the MATLAB BVP5C package. The results are validated against data from published articles to ensure reproducibility. Results The findings reveal that an increase in the Weissenberg and Forchheimer numbers reduces the velocity profile, while the temperature distribution increases. The variable thermal conductivity parameter (Γ) leads to a higher temperature profile, indicating improved heat transfer. Higher nanoparticle concentrations in the nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids result in enhanced skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. Ternary hybrid nanofluids show the most significant improvement in heat transfer and thermal conductivity. Conclusions Ternary hybrid nanofluids significantly enhance heat and mass transfer, showing potential for applications in cooling systems, drug delivery, and polymer processing. The numerical results are consistent with previous research, confirming the reliability and reproducibility of the findings. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-517a2e9db97c4e678e0d727335eb840b |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2046-1402 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | F1000 Research Ltd |
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| series | F1000Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-517a2e9db97c4e678e0d727335eb840b2025-08-20T02:56:43ZengF1000 Research LtdF1000Research2046-14022025-03-011410.12688/f1000research.158629.2178621Unsteady MHD flow of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluid in a darcy-forchheimer porous medium over a permeable stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]Gurju Awgichew Zergaw0Eshetu Haile Gorfie1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2428-1842Asfaw Tsegaye Moltot2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7610-4058Hunegnaw Dessie3Department of Mathematics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Amhara, EthiopiaDepartment of Mathematics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Amhara, EthiopiaDepartment of Mathematics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Amhara, EthiopiaDepartment of Mathematics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Amhara, EthiopiaBackground This research investigates the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, heat, and mass transfer of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluids over a permeable stretching sheet. The study considers three types of nanoparticles—aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), copper (Cu), and titanium oxide (TiO₂)—dispersed in a base fluid of ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂). This ternary hybrid nanofluid (Al₂O₃–Cu–TiO₂/C₂H₆O₂) has potential applications in cooling systems, biomedical uses for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia treatments, heat exchangers, and polymer processing techniques like extrusion and casting. Methods This study will examine the combined effects of Weissenberg number, power law index, nanoparticle volume fraction, viscous dissipation, magnetic field, heat generation, nonlinear thermal radiation, temperature ratio, Joule heating, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, porous permeability, variable thermal conductivity, Eckert number, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, chemical reaction, velocity ratio, and Forchheimer number on the electrical conductivity of unsteady flow in tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluids. The governing equations are transformed into similarity equations using appropriate transformations and solved numerically with the MATLAB BVP5C package. The results are validated against data from published articles to ensure reproducibility. Results The findings reveal that an increase in the Weissenberg and Forchheimer numbers reduces the velocity profile, while the temperature distribution increases. The variable thermal conductivity parameter (Γ) leads to a higher temperature profile, indicating improved heat transfer. Higher nanoparticle concentrations in the nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids result in enhanced skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. Ternary hybrid nanofluids show the most significant improvement in heat transfer and thermal conductivity. Conclusions Ternary hybrid nanofluids significantly enhance heat and mass transfer, showing potential for applications in cooling systems, drug delivery, and polymer processing. The numerical results are consistent with previous research, confirming the reliability and reproducibility of the findings.https://f1000research.com/articles/14-152/v2Tangent hyperbolic fluid Ternary Hybrid nanofluid Viscous Dissipation non-linear thermal radiation variable thermal conductivity permeable stretching sheeteng |
| spellingShingle | Gurju Awgichew Zergaw Eshetu Haile Gorfie Asfaw Tsegaye Moltot Hunegnaw Dessie Unsteady MHD flow of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluid in a darcy-forchheimer porous medium over a permeable stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] F1000Research Tangent hyperbolic fluid Ternary Hybrid nanofluid Viscous Dissipation non-linear thermal radiation variable thermal conductivity permeable stretching sheet eng |
| title | Unsteady MHD flow of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluid in a darcy-forchheimer porous medium over a permeable stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] |
| title_full | Unsteady MHD flow of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluid in a darcy-forchheimer porous medium over a permeable stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] |
| title_fullStr | Unsteady MHD flow of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluid in a darcy-forchheimer porous medium over a permeable stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unsteady MHD flow of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluid in a darcy-forchheimer porous medium over a permeable stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] |
| title_short | Unsteady MHD flow of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluid in a darcy-forchheimer porous medium over a permeable stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] |
| title_sort | unsteady mhd flow of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluid in a darcy forchheimer porous medium over a permeable stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity version 2 peer review 2 approved 1 approved with reservations |
| topic | Tangent hyperbolic fluid Ternary Hybrid nanofluid Viscous Dissipation non-linear thermal radiation variable thermal conductivity permeable stretching sheet eng |
| url | https://f1000research.com/articles/14-152/v2 |
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