Toxin Profiling of <i>Amanita citrina</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>: First Report of Buiotenine Detection
<i>Amanita</i> species are widely distributed worldwide. Many of these species are poisonous and can cause health problems, resulting in morbidity and mortality. The toxins responsible for poisoning are amatoxins, aminohexadienoic acid, ibotenic acid, muscimol and muscarines, which damag...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Yi-Zhe Zhang Yi Yao Kai-Ping Zhang Jia-Qi Liang Jia-Ju Zhong Zhong-Feng Li Hai-Jiao Li Fei Xu |
| author_facet | Yi-Zhe Zhang Yi Yao Kai-Ping Zhang Jia-Qi Liang Jia-Ju Zhong Zhong-Feng Li Hai-Jiao Li Fei Xu |
| author_sort | Yi-Zhe Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Amanita</i> species are widely distributed worldwide. Many of these species are poisonous and can cause health problems, resulting in morbidity and mortality. The toxins responsible for poisoning are amatoxins, aminohexadienoic acid, ibotenic acid, muscimol and muscarines, which damage the liver, kidney, central nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. In recent years, several toxins have been discovered from different poisonous mushrooms. In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotube purification and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used for the sensitive detection and targeted quantitative screening of 12 mushroom toxins (muscarine, two isoxazole derivatives, three tryptamine alkaloids, three amatoxins and three phallotoxins) from <i>Amanita citrina</i>, <i>A. citrina</i> var. <i>grisea</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>. This study found that buiotenine, one of the tryptamine alkaloids, was detected in <i>A</i>. <i>citrina</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>sinocitrina</i> with an average content of 2.90 and 1.19–6.70 g/kg (<i>n</i> = 3) in the dried mushrooms, respectively. None of the 12 common toxins were discovered in <i>A</i>. <i>citrina</i> var. <i>grisea</i>. These results provide reference data for future research on the role of toxins in the evolution of <i>Amanita</i> mushrooms. Future studies should explore the biosynthetic pathways and ecological roles of these toxins in <i>Amanita</i> species. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-51761d4d0249432e8fecc790edde306d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj-art-51761d4d0249432e8fecc790edde306d2025-08-20T03:47:58ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-05-0117524710.3390/toxins17050247Toxin Profiling of <i>Amanita citrina</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>: First Report of Buiotenine DetectionYi-Zhe Zhang0Yi Yao1Kai-Ping Zhang2Jia-Qi Liang3Jia-Ju Zhong4Zhong-Feng Li5Hai-Jiao Li6Fei Xu7State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29, Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Diseases Control, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli South Road, Xingqing District, Yinchuan 750004, ChinaZichuan District National Forest Farm, Zibo 255100, ChinaCenter for Disease Control and Prevention of Yiyang, Yiyang 413000, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29, Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29, Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29, Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Diseases Control, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli South Road, Xingqing District, Yinchuan 750004, China<i>Amanita</i> species are widely distributed worldwide. Many of these species are poisonous and can cause health problems, resulting in morbidity and mortality. The toxins responsible for poisoning are amatoxins, aminohexadienoic acid, ibotenic acid, muscimol and muscarines, which damage the liver, kidney, central nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. In recent years, several toxins have been discovered from different poisonous mushrooms. In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotube purification and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used for the sensitive detection and targeted quantitative screening of 12 mushroom toxins (muscarine, two isoxazole derivatives, three tryptamine alkaloids, three amatoxins and three phallotoxins) from <i>Amanita citrina</i>, <i>A. citrina</i> var. <i>grisea</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>. This study found that buiotenine, one of the tryptamine alkaloids, was detected in <i>A</i>. <i>citrina</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>sinocitrina</i> with an average content of 2.90 and 1.19–6.70 g/kg (<i>n</i> = 3) in the dried mushrooms, respectively. None of the 12 common toxins were discovered in <i>A</i>. <i>citrina</i> var. <i>grisea</i>. These results provide reference data for future research on the role of toxins in the evolution of <i>Amanita</i> mushrooms. Future studies should explore the biosynthetic pathways and ecological roles of these toxins in <i>Amanita</i> species.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/5/247<i>Amanita</i>poisonous mushroomspecies identificationtoxin detectiontryptamine alkaloids |
| spellingShingle | Yi-Zhe Zhang Yi Yao Kai-Ping Zhang Jia-Qi Liang Jia-Ju Zhong Zhong-Feng Li Hai-Jiao Li Fei Xu Toxin Profiling of <i>Amanita citrina</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>: First Report of Buiotenine Detection Toxins <i>Amanita</i> poisonous mushroom species identification toxin detection tryptamine alkaloids |
| title | Toxin Profiling of <i>Amanita citrina</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>: First Report of Buiotenine Detection |
| title_full | Toxin Profiling of <i>Amanita citrina</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>: First Report of Buiotenine Detection |
| title_fullStr | Toxin Profiling of <i>Amanita citrina</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>: First Report of Buiotenine Detection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxin Profiling of <i>Amanita citrina</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>: First Report of Buiotenine Detection |
| title_short | Toxin Profiling of <i>Amanita citrina</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>: First Report of Buiotenine Detection |
| title_sort | toxin profiling of i amanita citrina i and i a sinocitrina i first report of buiotenine detection |
| topic | <i>Amanita</i> poisonous mushroom species identification toxin detection tryptamine alkaloids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/5/247 |
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