Microbiological Risks to Health Associated with the Release of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and β-Lactam Antibiotics Through Hospital Wastewater
Hospital wastewater (HWW) is a major source of microbiological contamination, often released into the municipal sewage system without prior treatment. This HWW may contain pathogens with antimicrobial resistance, posing risks to public health. The aim of this work was to assess the risks associated...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Andres E. Nolasco-Rojas Eder Cruz-Del-Agua Clemente Cruz-Cruz Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz Benjamín A. Ayil-Gutiérrez María C. Tamayo-Ordóñez Yahaira de J. Tamayo-Ordoñez Araceli Rojas-Bernabé Francisco A. Tamayo-Ordoñez Emilio M. Durán-Manuel Marianela Paredes-Mendoza Laura M. Márquez-Valdelamar Carlos A. Jiménez-Zamarripa Esther Ocharan-Hernández Paola B. Zárate-Segura Omar García-Hernández Oscar Sosa-Hernández Enzo Vásquez-Jiménez Claudia C. Calzada-Mendoza Juan M. Bello-López |
| author_facet | Andres E. Nolasco-Rojas Eder Cruz-Del-Agua Clemente Cruz-Cruz Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz Benjamín A. Ayil-Gutiérrez María C. Tamayo-Ordóñez Yahaira de J. Tamayo-Ordoñez Araceli Rojas-Bernabé Francisco A. Tamayo-Ordoñez Emilio M. Durán-Manuel Marianela Paredes-Mendoza Laura M. Márquez-Valdelamar Carlos A. Jiménez-Zamarripa Esther Ocharan-Hernández Paola B. Zárate-Segura Omar García-Hernández Oscar Sosa-Hernández Enzo Vásquez-Jiménez Claudia C. Calzada-Mendoza Juan M. Bello-López |
| author_sort | Andres E. Nolasco-Rojas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hospital wastewater (HWW) is a major source of microbiological contamination, often released into the municipal sewage system without prior treatment. This HWW may contain pathogens with antimicrobial resistance, posing risks to public health. The aim of this work was to assess the risks associated with the seasonal release of ESKAPE bacteria resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and the release of carbapenems and cephalosporins through HWW of Hospital Juárez de México. The 12-month seasonal variation in β-lactam-resistant bacterial populations was assessed in the HWW of five discharge points. Resistant isolates were identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) coupled with PCR assays to search for antimicrobial resistance genes, while β-lactamic antibiotics were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, a double-entry Vester matrix was constructed to classify the problems of HWW according to their degree of causality. Seasonal differences in bacterial loads were observed, with higher levels in warmer months. A wide variety of resistant pathogens were identified, including ESKAPE bacteria, as well as emerging bacteria carrying β-lactamase-encoding genes. The release of meropenem was detected most commonly, followed by cefepime and ceftazidime. The Vester matrix allowed the identification of critical clinical and environmental scenarios where two discharge points contribute significantly to the spread of microbiological contamination. This study highlights the importance of proper management of HWW and the need for stricter regulations to reduce the risks associated with the release of resistant pathogens with health impacts. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-50d7f8a816a347799b9926d859ee8d02 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
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| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj-art-50d7f8a816a347799b9926d859ee8d022025-08-20T03:47:57ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172025-04-0114540210.3390/pathogens14050402Microbiological Risks to Health Associated with the Release of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and β-Lactam Antibiotics Through Hospital WastewaterAndres E. Nolasco-Rojas0Eder Cruz-Del-Agua1Clemente Cruz-Cruz2Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz3Benjamín A. Ayil-Gutiérrez4María C. Tamayo-Ordóñez5Yahaira de J. Tamayo-Ordoñez6Araceli Rojas-Bernabé7Francisco A. Tamayo-Ordoñez8Emilio M. Durán-Manuel9Marianela Paredes-Mendoza10Laura M. Márquez-Valdelamar11Carlos A. Jiménez-Zamarripa12Esther Ocharan-Hernández13Paola B. Zárate-Segura14Omar García-Hernández15Oscar Sosa-Hernández16Enzo Vásquez-Jiménez17Claudia C. Calzada-Mendoza18Juan M. Bello-López19Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoHospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoHospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoHospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoSECIHTI-Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Biotecnología Vegetal, Reynosa 88710, MexicoLaboratorio de Ingeniería Genética, Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, MexicoLaboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental del Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoFacultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, MexicoHospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoDivisión de Tecnología Ambiental, Universidad Tecnológica de Nezahualcóyotl, Nezahualcóyotl 57000, MexicoLaboratorio de Secuenciación Genómica, LaNaBio, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoDivisión de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, MexicoHospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoHospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoHospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoHospital wastewater (HWW) is a major source of microbiological contamination, often released into the municipal sewage system without prior treatment. This HWW may contain pathogens with antimicrobial resistance, posing risks to public health. The aim of this work was to assess the risks associated with the seasonal release of ESKAPE bacteria resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and the release of carbapenems and cephalosporins through HWW of Hospital Juárez de México. The 12-month seasonal variation in β-lactam-resistant bacterial populations was assessed in the HWW of five discharge points. Resistant isolates were identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) coupled with PCR assays to search for antimicrobial resistance genes, while β-lactamic antibiotics were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, a double-entry Vester matrix was constructed to classify the problems of HWW according to their degree of causality. Seasonal differences in bacterial loads were observed, with higher levels in warmer months. A wide variety of resistant pathogens were identified, including ESKAPE bacteria, as well as emerging bacteria carrying β-lactamase-encoding genes. The release of meropenem was detected most commonly, followed by cefepime and ceftazidime. The Vester matrix allowed the identification of critical clinical and environmental scenarios where two discharge points contribute significantly to the spread of microbiological contamination. This study highlights the importance of proper management of HWW and the need for stricter regulations to reduce the risks associated with the release of resistant pathogens with health impacts.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/5/402hospital wastewaterESKAPE bacteriaantimicrobial resistanceantibiotics |
| spellingShingle | Andres E. Nolasco-Rojas Eder Cruz-Del-Agua Clemente Cruz-Cruz Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz Benjamín A. Ayil-Gutiérrez María C. Tamayo-Ordóñez Yahaira de J. Tamayo-Ordoñez Araceli Rojas-Bernabé Francisco A. Tamayo-Ordoñez Emilio M. Durán-Manuel Marianela Paredes-Mendoza Laura M. Márquez-Valdelamar Carlos A. Jiménez-Zamarripa Esther Ocharan-Hernández Paola B. Zárate-Segura Omar García-Hernández Oscar Sosa-Hernández Enzo Vásquez-Jiménez Claudia C. Calzada-Mendoza Juan M. Bello-López Microbiological Risks to Health Associated with the Release of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and β-Lactam Antibiotics Through Hospital Wastewater Pathogens hospital wastewater ESKAPE bacteria antimicrobial resistance antibiotics |
| title | Microbiological Risks to Health Associated with the Release of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and β-Lactam Antibiotics Through Hospital Wastewater |
| title_full | Microbiological Risks to Health Associated with the Release of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and β-Lactam Antibiotics Through Hospital Wastewater |
| title_fullStr | Microbiological Risks to Health Associated with the Release of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and β-Lactam Antibiotics Through Hospital Wastewater |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbiological Risks to Health Associated with the Release of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and β-Lactam Antibiotics Through Hospital Wastewater |
| title_short | Microbiological Risks to Health Associated with the Release of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and β-Lactam Antibiotics Through Hospital Wastewater |
| title_sort | microbiological risks to health associated with the release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and β lactam antibiotics through hospital wastewater |
| topic | hospital wastewater ESKAPE bacteria antimicrobial resistance antibiotics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/5/402 |
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