Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Zirconium Dioxide Nanoparticles from <i>Toddalia asiatica</i>: Applications in Dye Degradation, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Zirconium Dioxide Nanoparticles from <i>Toddalia asiatica</i>: Applications in Dye Degradation, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity

Zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs) have gained significant attention due to their excellent bioavailability, low toxicity, and diverse applications in the medical and industrial fields. In this study, ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs were synthesized using zirconyl oxyc...

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Main Authors: Arumugam Kathirvel, Ramalingam Srinivasan, Sathasivam Harini, Natarajan Ranjith, Govindan Suresh Kumar, Kesavan Lalithambigai, Raji Atchudan, Mohamed A. Habila, Ahmed M. Aljuwayid, Hae Keun Yun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Nanomaterials
Subjects:
zirconium dioxide NPs
antioxidant
antimicrobial
photocatalytic dye degradation
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/2/84
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Summary:Zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs) have gained significant attention due to their excellent bioavailability, low toxicity, and diverse applications in the medical and industrial fields. In this study, ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs were synthesized using zirconyl oxychloride and the aqueous leaf extract of <i>Toddalia asiatica</i> as a stabilizing agent. Analytical techniques, including various spectroscopy methods and electron microscopy, confirmed the formation of aggregated spherical ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs, ranging from 15 to 30 nm in size, with mixed-phase structure composed of tetragonal and monoclinic structures. UV–visible spectroscopy showed a characteristic band at 281 nm with a bandgap energy of 3.7 eV, indicating effective stabilization by the phytochemicals in <i>T</i>. <i>asiatica</i>. EDX analysis revealed that the NPs contained 37.18 mol.% zirconium (Zr) and 62.82 mol.% oxygen. The ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic activity, degrading over 95% of methylene blue dye after 3 h of sunlight exposure. Additionally, the ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs exhibited strong antibacterial effects, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria such as <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>, and significant antioxidant activity, with low IC<sub>50</sub> values for hydroxyl radical scavenging. In conclusion, the green synthesis of ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs using <i>T</i>. <i>asiatica</i> leaf extract is an effective, eco-friendly method that produces nanoparticles with remarkable antioxidant, antimicrobial, and photocatalytic properties, highlighting their potential for applications in water treatment, environmental remediation, and biomedicine.
ISSN:2079-4991

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