Revolutionizing bone healing: the role of 3D models

Abstract The increasing incidence of bone diseases has driven research towards Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE), an innovative discipline that uses biomaterials to develop three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds capable of mimicking the natural environment of bone tissue. Traditional approaches relying on two...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Raffaella De Pace, Maria Rosa Iaquinta, Assia Benkhalqui, Antonio D’Agostino, Lorenzo Trevisiol, Riccardo Nocini, Chiara Mazziotta, John Charles Rotondo, Ilaria Bononi, Mauro Tognon, Fernanda Martini, Elisa Mazzoni
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-03-01
Series:Cell Regeneration
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13619-025-00225-1
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
_version_ 1850094834018156544
author Raffaella De Pace
Maria Rosa Iaquinta
Assia Benkhalqui
Antonio D’Agostino
Lorenzo Trevisiol
Riccardo Nocini
Chiara Mazziotta
John Charles Rotondo
Ilaria Bononi
Mauro Tognon
Fernanda Martini
Elisa Mazzoni
author_facet Raffaella De Pace
Maria Rosa Iaquinta
Assia Benkhalqui
Antonio D’Agostino
Lorenzo Trevisiol
Riccardo Nocini
Chiara Mazziotta
John Charles Rotondo
Ilaria Bononi
Mauro Tognon
Fernanda Martini
Elisa Mazzoni
author_sort Raffaella De Pace
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The increasing incidence of bone diseases has driven research towards Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE), an innovative discipline that uses biomaterials to develop three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds capable of mimicking the natural environment of bone tissue. Traditional approaches relying on two-dimensional (2D) models have exhibited significant limitations in simulating cellular interactions and the complexity of the bone microenvironment. In response to these challenges, 3D models such as organoids and cellular spheroids have emerged as effective tools for studying bone regeneration. Adult mesenchymal stem cells have proven crucial in this context, as they can differentiate into osteoblasts and contribute to bone tissue repair. Furthermore, the integration of composite biomaterials has shown substantial potential in enhancing bone healing. Advanced technologies like microfluidics offer additional opportunities to create controlled environments for cell culture, facilitating more detailed studies on bone regeneration. These advancements represent a fundamental step forward in the treatment of bone pathologies and the promotion of skeletal health. In this review, we report on the evolution of in vitro culture models applied to the study of bone healing/regrowth, starting from 2 to 3D cultures and microfluids. The different methodologies of in vitro model generation, cells and biomaterials are presented and discussed.
format Article
id doaj-art-507c196fe76b49bab9f56fcba1b1bf05
institution DOAJ
issn 2045-9769
language English
publishDate 2025-03-01
publisher SpringerOpen
record_format Article
series Cell Regeneration
spelling doaj-art-507c196fe76b49bab9f56fcba1b1bf052025-08-20T02:41:34ZengSpringerOpenCell Regeneration2045-97692025-03-0114112210.1186/s13619-025-00225-1Revolutionizing bone healing: the role of 3D modelsRaffaella De Pace0Maria Rosa Iaquinta1Assia Benkhalqui2Antonio D’Agostino3Lorenzo Trevisiol4Riccardo Nocini5Chiara Mazziotta6John Charles Rotondo7Ilaria Bononi8Mauro Tognon9Fernanda Martini10Elisa Mazzoni11Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of FerraraDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of FerraraDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of FerraraDepartment of Surgery, University of VeronaCentre for Medical Sciences (CISMed), University of TrentoDepartment of Surgery, University of VeronaDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of FerraraDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of FerraraCentralized Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research, University of FerraraDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of FerraraDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of FerraraDepartment of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of FerraraAbstract The increasing incidence of bone diseases has driven research towards Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE), an innovative discipline that uses biomaterials to develop three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds capable of mimicking the natural environment of bone tissue. Traditional approaches relying on two-dimensional (2D) models have exhibited significant limitations in simulating cellular interactions and the complexity of the bone microenvironment. In response to these challenges, 3D models such as organoids and cellular spheroids have emerged as effective tools for studying bone regeneration. Adult mesenchymal stem cells have proven crucial in this context, as they can differentiate into osteoblasts and contribute to bone tissue repair. Furthermore, the integration of composite biomaterials has shown substantial potential in enhancing bone healing. Advanced technologies like microfluidics offer additional opportunities to create controlled environments for cell culture, facilitating more detailed studies on bone regeneration. These advancements represent a fundamental step forward in the treatment of bone pathologies and the promotion of skeletal health. In this review, we report on the evolution of in vitro culture models applied to the study of bone healing/regrowth, starting from 2 to 3D cultures and microfluids. The different methodologies of in vitro model generation, cells and biomaterials are presented and discussed.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13619-025-00225-1Bone regenerationCell-ECM interactionStem cellBiomaterial3D in vitro modelMicrofluidic
spellingShingle Raffaella De Pace
Maria Rosa Iaquinta
Assia Benkhalqui
Antonio D’Agostino
Lorenzo Trevisiol
Riccardo Nocini
Chiara Mazziotta
John Charles Rotondo
Ilaria Bononi
Mauro Tognon
Fernanda Martini
Elisa Mazzoni
Revolutionizing bone healing: the role of 3D models
Cell Regeneration
Bone regeneration
Cell-ECM interaction
Stem cell
Biomaterial
3D in vitro model
Microfluidic
title Revolutionizing bone healing: the role of 3D models
title_full Revolutionizing bone healing: the role of 3D models
title_fullStr Revolutionizing bone healing: the role of 3D models
title_full_unstemmed Revolutionizing bone healing: the role of 3D models
title_short Revolutionizing bone healing: the role of 3D models
title_sort revolutionizing bone healing the role of 3d models
topic Bone regeneration
Cell-ECM interaction
Stem cell
Biomaterial
3D in vitro model
Microfluidic
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13619-025-00225-1
work_keys_str_mv AT raffaelladepace revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT mariarosaiaquinta revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT assiabenkhalqui revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT antoniodagostino revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT lorenzotrevisiol revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT riccardonocini revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT chiaramazziotta revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT johncharlesrotondo revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT ilariabononi revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT maurotognon revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT fernandamartini revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels
AT elisamazzoni revolutionizingbonehealingtheroleof3dmodels