Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Ramalin Derivatives as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. In this study, we synthesized novel Ramalin derivatives and evaluated their therapeutic pote...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Tai Kyoung Kim Ju-Mi Hong Yongeun Cho Yeji Jeon Heewon Cho Jeongmi Lee Jaewon Kim Kyung Hee Kim Il-Chan Kim Se Jong Han Hyuncheol Oh Dong-Gyu Jo Joung Han Yim |
| author_facet | Tai Kyoung Kim Ju-Mi Hong Yongeun Cho Yeji Jeon Heewon Cho Jeongmi Lee Jaewon Kim Kyung Hee Kim Il-Chan Kim Se Jong Han Hyuncheol Oh Dong-Gyu Jo Joung Han Yim |
| author_sort | Tai Kyoung Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. In this study, we synthesized novel Ramalin derivatives and evaluated their therapeutic potential against AD, focusing on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. RA-2OMe, RA-4OMe, RA-2CF3, and RA-4OCF3 showed strong antioxidant effects, while RA-2OMe exhibited potent NO and NLRP3 inhibition (~20%). RA-NAP, RA-PYD, and RA-2Q showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. BACE-1 inhibition was significant in RA-3CF3, RA-NAP, and RA-PYD, with IC<sub>50</sub> values lower than that of positive control, indicating greater inhibitory potency. RA-NAP and RA-PYD effectively inhibited both Aβ and tau aggregation, highlighting their multi-target potential for AD therapy. These findings indicate that Ramalin derivatives exhibit potential for multi-target activity in AD treatment. However, further studies on their pharmacokinetics, in vivo efficacy, and long-term safety are required to confirm their therapeutic applicability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-504615e4ebd149dfb05fbfe89987a7fa |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-504615e4ebd149dfb05fbfe89987a7fa2025-08-20T02:31:11ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-05-01309203010.3390/molecules30092030Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Ramalin Derivatives as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s DiseaseTai Kyoung Kim0Ju-Mi Hong1Yongeun Cho2Yeji Jeon3Heewon Cho4Jeongmi Lee5Jaewon Kim6Kyung Hee Kim7Il-Chan Kim8Se Jong Han9Hyuncheol Oh10Dong-Gyu Jo11Joung Han Yim12CRYOTECH Inc., 2F-211-3, 71 Mieumsandan 5-ro 41beon-gil, Gangseo-gu, Busan 46744, Republic of KoreaDivision of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of KoreaSchool of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of KoreaSchool of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of KoreaSchool of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of KoreaSchool of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of KoreaDivision of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of KoreaDivision of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of KoreaDivision of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of KoreaDivision of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of KoreaCollege of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of KoreaSchool of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of KoreaCRYOTECH Inc., 2F-211-3, 71 Mieumsandan 5-ro 41beon-gil, Gangseo-gu, Busan 46744, Republic of KoreaAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. In this study, we synthesized novel Ramalin derivatives and evaluated their therapeutic potential against AD, focusing on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. RA-2OMe, RA-4OMe, RA-2CF3, and RA-4OCF3 showed strong antioxidant effects, while RA-2OMe exhibited potent NO and NLRP3 inhibition (~20%). RA-NAP, RA-PYD, and RA-2Q showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. BACE-1 inhibition was significant in RA-3CF3, RA-NAP, and RA-PYD, with IC<sub>50</sub> values lower than that of positive control, indicating greater inhibitory potency. RA-NAP and RA-PYD effectively inhibited both Aβ and tau aggregation, highlighting their multi-target potential for AD therapy. These findings indicate that Ramalin derivatives exhibit potential for multi-target activity in AD treatment. However, further studies on their pharmacokinetics, in vivo efficacy, and long-term safety are required to confirm their therapeutic applicability.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/2030Alzheimer’s diseaseRamalin derivativesantioxidant activityanti-inflammatory activityBACE-1 inhibitiontau aggregation |
| spellingShingle | Tai Kyoung Kim Ju-Mi Hong Yongeun Cho Yeji Jeon Heewon Cho Jeongmi Lee Jaewon Kim Kyung Hee Kim Il-Chan Kim Se Jong Han Hyuncheol Oh Dong-Gyu Jo Joung Han Yim Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Ramalin Derivatives as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease Molecules Alzheimer’s disease Ramalin derivatives antioxidant activity anti-inflammatory activity BACE-1 inhibition tau aggregation |
| title | Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Ramalin Derivatives as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full | Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Ramalin Derivatives as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Ramalin Derivatives as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Ramalin Derivatives as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_short | Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Ramalin Derivatives as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_sort | synthesis and biological evaluation of novel ramalin derivatives as multi target agents for alzheimer s disease |
| topic | Alzheimer’s disease Ramalin derivatives antioxidant activity anti-inflammatory activity BACE-1 inhibition tau aggregation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/2030 |
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