Psychometric properties of the revised Ukrainian version of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war
Background: The Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) was designed to measure symptoms associated with multiple ongoing security threats in the context of Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Since 2014, Ukraine has faced armed invasion and war, with nationwide insecurity since February 2022.Ob...
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | European Journal of Psychotraumatology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/20008066.2025.2463186 |
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| author | Iryna Frankova Oksana Senyk Oleksandr Avramchuk Iryna Leshchuk Andrii Rudys Anton Kurapov Aviva Goral |
| author_facet | Iryna Frankova Oksana Senyk Oleksandr Avramchuk Iryna Leshchuk Andrii Rudys Anton Kurapov Aviva Goral |
| author_sort | Iryna Frankova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) was designed to measure symptoms associated with multiple ongoing security threats in the context of Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Since 2014, Ukraine has faced armed invasion and war, with nationwide insecurity since February 2022.Objective: This study aimed to adapt the CTSR scale into Ukrainian and evaluate its psychometric properties within a Ukrainian sample during the ongoing war.Method: The Ukrainian adaptation of the CTSR followed the procedure used in creating the original instrument (Goral, A., Feder-Bubis, P., Lahad, M., Galea, S., O'Rourke, N., & Aharonson-Daniel, L. (2021). Development and validation of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) among adults exposed to ongoing security threats. PLoS One, 16(5), e0251724). To identify a unique context-specific factor structure relevant to the Ukrainian experience, the initial 25 items were tested in a sample of 584 Ukrainians using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Subsequently, the established scale structure was assessed for homogeneity, and convergent validity using measures of depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), perceived stress (PSS-4), resilience (BRS), and PTSD symptoms (PCL-5).Results: A three-factor, 9-item solution, representing the constructs of exhaustion, alienation, and helplessness, demonstrated the most acceptable fit among all the alternative CTSR models, including the original: χ2 = 72.84, df = 24, p < .001, χ2/ (df) = 3.04, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.91, SRMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.08. Cronbach’s α for internal consistency ranged from 0.68 to 0.84 for total score, and subscales. Significant positive correlations ranging from 0.41 to 0.67 with symptom severity of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and PTSD established the convergent validity of the Ukrainian CTSR, indicating that it measures related yet distinctive psychological phenomena of reactions to continuous traumatic stress.Conclusions: The revised Ukrainian version of the CTSR scale is a reliable and valid measure of continuous traumatic stress response, accurately reflecting its manifestation in the Ukrainian context. These findings are crucial for guiding clinical interventions and research in prolonged war environments, where understanding the nuances of ongoing trauma is essential. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4feaa80fd8654d05aaa08468a1719dfd |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2000-8066 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Journal of Psychotraumatology |
| spelling | doaj-art-4feaa80fd8654d05aaa08468a1719dfd2025-08-20T03:21:39ZengTaylor & Francis GroupEuropean Journal of Psychotraumatology2000-80662025-12-0116110.1080/20008066.2025.2463186Psychometric properties of the revised Ukrainian version of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian warIryna Frankova0Oksana Senyk1Oleksandr Avramchuk2Iryna Leshchuk3Andrii Rudys4Anton Kurapov5Aviva Goral6Department of medical psychology, psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, UkraineDepartment of Humanities and Social Sciences, WSB Merito University in Gdansk, Gdansk, PolandDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Ukrainian Catholic University, Lviv, UkraineDepartment of medical psychology, psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, UkraineDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Ukrainian Catholic University, Lviv, UkraineDepartment of Psychology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, AustriaBen Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, IsraelBackground: The Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) was designed to measure symptoms associated with multiple ongoing security threats in the context of Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Since 2014, Ukraine has faced armed invasion and war, with nationwide insecurity since February 2022.Objective: This study aimed to adapt the CTSR scale into Ukrainian and evaluate its psychometric properties within a Ukrainian sample during the ongoing war.Method: The Ukrainian adaptation of the CTSR followed the procedure used in creating the original instrument (Goral, A., Feder-Bubis, P., Lahad, M., Galea, S., O'Rourke, N., & Aharonson-Daniel, L. (2021). Development and validation of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) among adults exposed to ongoing security threats. PLoS One, 16(5), e0251724). To identify a unique context-specific factor structure relevant to the Ukrainian experience, the initial 25 items were tested in a sample of 584 Ukrainians using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Subsequently, the established scale structure was assessed for homogeneity, and convergent validity using measures of depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), perceived stress (PSS-4), resilience (BRS), and PTSD symptoms (PCL-5).Results: A three-factor, 9-item solution, representing the constructs of exhaustion, alienation, and helplessness, demonstrated the most acceptable fit among all the alternative CTSR models, including the original: χ2 = 72.84, df = 24, p < .001, χ2/ (df) = 3.04, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.91, SRMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.08. Cronbach’s α for internal consistency ranged from 0.68 to 0.84 for total score, and subscales. Significant positive correlations ranging from 0.41 to 0.67 with symptom severity of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and PTSD established the convergent validity of the Ukrainian CTSR, indicating that it measures related yet distinctive psychological phenomena of reactions to continuous traumatic stress.Conclusions: The revised Ukrainian version of the CTSR scale is a reliable and valid measure of continuous traumatic stress response, accurately reflecting its manifestation in the Ukrainian context. These findings are crucial for guiding clinical interventions and research in prolonged war environments, where understanding the nuances of ongoing trauma is essential.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/20008066.2025.2463186Continuous Traumatic Stress Response (CTSR)scale adaptationvalidityreliabilityRusso-Ukrainian warRespuesta de estrés traumático continuo |
| spellingShingle | Iryna Frankova Oksana Senyk Oleksandr Avramchuk Iryna Leshchuk Andrii Rudys Anton Kurapov Aviva Goral Psychometric properties of the revised Ukrainian version of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war European Journal of Psychotraumatology Continuous Traumatic Stress Response (CTSR) scale adaptation validity reliability Russo-Ukrainian war Respuesta de estrés traumático continuo |
| title | Psychometric properties of the revised Ukrainian version of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war |
| title_full | Psychometric properties of the revised Ukrainian version of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war |
| title_fullStr | Psychometric properties of the revised Ukrainian version of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war |
| title_full_unstemmed | Psychometric properties of the revised Ukrainian version of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war |
| title_short | Psychometric properties of the revised Ukrainian version of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war |
| title_sort | psychometric properties of the revised ukrainian version of the continuous traumatic stress response scale ctsr in the context of the russo ukrainian war |
| topic | Continuous Traumatic Stress Response (CTSR) scale adaptation validity reliability Russo-Ukrainian war Respuesta de estrés traumático continuo |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/20008066.2025.2463186 |
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