Rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metrics
As global temperatures rise, heat exposure in classrooms is becoming a growing concern for the millions of students attending school, in particular those learning in buildings without air conditioning (AC). With limited resources and competing interests, school decision-makers need health-related da...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Indoor Environments |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362025000347 |
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| author | M. Pilar Botana Martinez Priam Dinesh Vyas Katherine H. Walsh Lauren Main Lauren Bolton Yirong Yuan Masanao Yajima M. Patricia Fabian |
| author_facet | M. Pilar Botana Martinez Priam Dinesh Vyas Katherine H. Walsh Lauren Main Lauren Bolton Yirong Yuan Masanao Yajima M. Patricia Fabian |
| author_sort | M. Pilar Botana Martinez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As global temperatures rise, heat exposure in classrooms is becoming a growing concern for the millions of students attending school, in particular those learning in buildings without air conditioning (AC). With limited resources and competing interests, school decision-makers need health-related data-based approaches to inform cooling solutions and prioritize investments. In collaboration with a large school district in Northeastern United States (US), we analyzed minute-level temperature data in > 3600 classrooms across 125 school buildings during the 2023 hot season. Using a first-of-its-kind commercial-grade indoor sensor network and data science methods, we quantified heat exposure through novel heat metrics capturing intensity, frequency, and duration, and characterized spatial variability within and across buildings with three types of AC. On average, intra-building temperature variability was 2.3 degrees Celsius (°C), with a maximum value of 14.3°C. On a hot day, classrooms exceeded extreme caution thresholds by 0.1 %, 1.1 %, and 8.4 % in schools with central, window, and no AC, respectively. Classrooms on the top floor were 0.3°C, 0.5°C, and 5.7°C warmer than classrooms on the first floor, for central, window, and no AC groups, respectively. Novel and traditional heat exposure metrics were weakly correlated, with implications for school rankings. Findings identified schools with the greatest cooling needs and investigated key predictors of classroom overheating. Our results underscore the need for continuous temperature monitoring in all classrooms and highlight the importance of access to mechanical cooling in locations that have historically not been prepared for extreme heat. Our work shows how data analyses informed by researcher-school partnerships can support critical climate resilience needs in schools. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4fafb099df5742deb5d66d1c4265db63 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2950-3620 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Indoor Environments |
| spelling | doaj-art-4fafb099df5742deb5d66d1c4265db632025-08-20T03:30:44ZengElsevierIndoor Environments2950-36202025-09-012310010510.1016/j.indenv.2025.100105Rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metricsM. Pilar Botana Martinez0Priam Dinesh Vyas1Katherine H. Walsh2Lauren Main3Lauren Bolton4Yirong Yuan5Masanao Yajima6M. Patricia Fabian7Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot Building 4th floor West, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Correspondence to: Boston University, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany Street, The Talbot Building, T5W, Suite T548W, Boston, MA 02118, United States.Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot Building 4th floor West, Boston, MA 02118, United StatesBoston Public Schools, 2300 Washington St, Roxbury, Boston, MA 02119, United StatesBoston Public Schools, 2300 Washington St, Roxbury, Boston, MA 02119, United StatesBoston Public Schools, 2300 Washington St, Roxbury, Boston, MA 02119, United StatesDepartment of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot Building 4th floor West, Boston, MA 02118, United StatesDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, 665 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United StatesDepartment of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot Building 4th floor West, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Institute for Global Sustainability, Boston University, 111 Cummington Mall Suite 149, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Correspondence to: Boston University, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany Street, The Talbot Building, T5W, Suite T548W, Boston, MA 02118, United States.As global temperatures rise, heat exposure in classrooms is becoming a growing concern for the millions of students attending school, in particular those learning in buildings without air conditioning (AC). With limited resources and competing interests, school decision-makers need health-related data-based approaches to inform cooling solutions and prioritize investments. In collaboration with a large school district in Northeastern United States (US), we analyzed minute-level temperature data in > 3600 classrooms across 125 school buildings during the 2023 hot season. Using a first-of-its-kind commercial-grade indoor sensor network and data science methods, we quantified heat exposure through novel heat metrics capturing intensity, frequency, and duration, and characterized spatial variability within and across buildings with three types of AC. On average, intra-building temperature variability was 2.3 degrees Celsius (°C), with a maximum value of 14.3°C. On a hot day, classrooms exceeded extreme caution thresholds by 0.1 %, 1.1 %, and 8.4 % in schools with central, window, and no AC, respectively. Classrooms on the top floor were 0.3°C, 0.5°C, and 5.7°C warmer than classrooms on the first floor, for central, window, and no AC groups, respectively. Novel and traditional heat exposure metrics were weakly correlated, with implications for school rankings. Findings identified schools with the greatest cooling needs and investigated key predictors of classroom overheating. Our results underscore the need for continuous temperature monitoring in all classrooms and highlight the importance of access to mechanical cooling in locations that have historically not been prepared for extreme heat. Our work shows how data analyses informed by researcher-school partnerships can support critical climate resilience needs in schools.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362025000347SchoolsIndoor environmental quality monitoringHeat exposureExtreme heatClimate resilienceTemperature |
| spellingShingle | M. Pilar Botana Martinez Priam Dinesh Vyas Katherine H. Walsh Lauren Main Lauren Bolton Yirong Yuan Masanao Yajima M. Patricia Fabian Rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metrics Indoor Environments Schools Indoor environmental quality monitoring Heat exposure Extreme heat Climate resilience Temperature |
| title | Rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metrics |
| title_full | Rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metrics |
| title_fullStr | Rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metrics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metrics |
| title_short | Rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metrics |
| title_sort | rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metrics |
| topic | Schools Indoor environmental quality monitoring Heat exposure Extreme heat Climate resilience Temperature |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362025000347 |
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