Optimisation of 4D printed mortar-mini vascular networks (m-MVNs) for built heritage preservation
As climate change increases risks to heritage buildings, enhancing repair methods for historic masonry is essential. This paper presents the design and optimisation process for the manufacturing of a novel self-healing technology—named mortar mini-vascular networks (m-MVNs)—intended for installation...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Materials & Design |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525005386 |
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| author | C. De Nardi D. Gardner J. Sweeney A. Akkady |
| author_facet | C. De Nardi D. Gardner J. Sweeney A. Akkady |
| author_sort | C. De Nardi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As climate change increases risks to heritage buildings, enhancing repair methods for historic masonry is essential. This paper presents the design and optimisation process for the manufacturing of a novel self-healing technology—named mortar mini-vascular networks (m-MVNs)—intended for installation in mortar joints during joint repair. m-MVNs are Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)-printed polymer units with interconnected channels designed to store and protect healing agents. When damage in the mortar joint exceeds a threshold, the m-MVNs rupture, releasing the healing agent to initiate the self-repair process. Engineered within a 4D printing framework, the m-MVNs were optimised through iterative design refinement to protect healing agents, with fracture properties ensuring activation under specific stress conditions. The final m-MVN design, manufactured using adaptive slicing from clear polylactide acid (PLA), achieved the best performance in terms of: i) geometrical regularity, ii) mechanical compatibility with hydraulic lime-based mortars, iii) quasi-isotropy, iv) and watertightness. This breakthrough paves the way for innovative self-healing solutions in heritage conservation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4fa33b0ca213434e924e4c2bb0bf7761 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0264-1275 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials & Design |
| spelling | doaj-art-4fa33b0ca213434e924e4c2bb0bf77612025-08-20T02:09:11ZengElsevierMaterials & Design0264-12752025-06-0125411411810.1016/j.matdes.2025.114118Optimisation of 4D printed mortar-mini vascular networks (m-MVNs) for built heritage preservationC. De Nardi0D. Gardner1J. Sweeney2A. Akkady3RESCOM Research Group, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA Wales, United Kingdom; Corresponding author.RESCOM Research Group, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA Wales, United KingdomEngineering, Faculty of Engineering and Digital Technologies, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP England, United KingdomEngineering, Faculty of Engineering and Digital Technologies, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP England, United KingdomAs climate change increases risks to heritage buildings, enhancing repair methods for historic masonry is essential. This paper presents the design and optimisation process for the manufacturing of a novel self-healing technology—named mortar mini-vascular networks (m-MVNs)—intended for installation in mortar joints during joint repair. m-MVNs are Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)-printed polymer units with interconnected channels designed to store and protect healing agents. When damage in the mortar joint exceeds a threshold, the m-MVNs rupture, releasing the healing agent to initiate the self-repair process. Engineered within a 4D printing framework, the m-MVNs were optimised through iterative design refinement to protect healing agents, with fracture properties ensuring activation under specific stress conditions. The final m-MVN design, manufactured using adaptive slicing from clear polylactide acid (PLA), achieved the best performance in terms of: i) geometrical regularity, ii) mechanical compatibility with hydraulic lime-based mortars, iii) quasi-isotropy, iv) and watertightness. This breakthrough paves the way for innovative self-healing solutions in heritage conservation.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525005386FDMSelf-healingLime-based mortarsBuilt heritage |
| spellingShingle | C. De Nardi D. Gardner J. Sweeney A. Akkady Optimisation of 4D printed mortar-mini vascular networks (m-MVNs) for built heritage preservation Materials & Design FDM Self-healing Lime-based mortars Built heritage |
| title | Optimisation of 4D printed mortar-mini vascular networks (m-MVNs) for built heritage preservation |
| title_full | Optimisation of 4D printed mortar-mini vascular networks (m-MVNs) for built heritage preservation |
| title_fullStr | Optimisation of 4D printed mortar-mini vascular networks (m-MVNs) for built heritage preservation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimisation of 4D printed mortar-mini vascular networks (m-MVNs) for built heritage preservation |
| title_short | Optimisation of 4D printed mortar-mini vascular networks (m-MVNs) for built heritage preservation |
| title_sort | optimisation of 4d printed mortar mini vascular networks m mvns for built heritage preservation |
| topic | FDM Self-healing Lime-based mortars Built heritage |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525005386 |
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