Rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samples
Abstract Alprazolam benzodiazepine misuse is increasingly a public health concern, evidenced by rising cases of overdose and toxicity. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective emergency room treatment. This study investigates the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15188-1 |
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| author | Arezoo Mahdavinejad Shahin Shadnia Kiana Farhadinejad Golrokh Farnam Saba Arefi Farshad H. Shirazi |
| author_facet | Arezoo Mahdavinejad Shahin Shadnia Kiana Farhadinejad Golrokh Farnam Saba Arefi Farshad H. Shirazi |
| author_sort | Arezoo Mahdavinejad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Alprazolam benzodiazepine misuse is increasingly a public health concern, evidenced by rising cases of overdose and toxicity. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective emergency room treatment. This study investigates the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a rapid diagnostic tool for assessing alprazolam toxicity using saliva samples. Saliva samples were collected from 30 individuals, including healthy subjects and patients with confirmed alprazolam poisoning. FTIR spectroscopy in the form of Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) was used to study the spectral profiles of the samples. Statistical analyses, such as Gaussian peak fitting and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) tests, were carried out to assess the diagnostic ability of the found spectral features. The designed protocol was subsequently applied to 55 additional saliva samples obtained from emergency room patients with suspected alprazolam poisoning, some of whom may have also used other drugs, but without confirmed multi-drug toxicity. Spectral differences between the two groups were evident, particularly in the 1200–1400 cm⁻¹ and 3000–3600 cm⁻¹ regions. ROC analysis demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, differentiating healthy subjects from poisoned ones with 90% classification accuracy at 1200–1400 cm⁻¹ and perfect separation with 100% sensitivity and specificity at 3000–3600 cm⁻¹. A Fisher’s exact test confirmed the diagnostic utility of this method for identifying alprazolam-poisoned individuals, yielding a p-value of less than 0.0002. The results affirm FTIR spectroscopy’s potential as a precise, non-invasive diagnostic tool for alprazolam intoxication. Its ability to quickly distinguish between toxic and non-toxic levels is crucial for improving patient care in emergencies. Moreover, its application was effective even in cases with potential co-medication, provided that alprazolam was the primary suspected agent. FTIR spectroscopy is an effective method for diagnosing alprazolam toxicity in saliva samples, offering a quick, efficient, and non-invasive alternative to traditional techniques. This study opens the door for further research on FTIR in toxicological screening, with the potential to transform clinical practices in drug overdose management. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4f5e3cd205cd438f9d9e6e819365f8ca |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-4f5e3cd205cd438f9d9e6e819365f8ca2025-08-20T03:42:48ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111010.1038/s41598-025-15188-1Rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samplesArezoo Mahdavinejad0Shahin Shadnia1Kiana Farhadinejad2Golrokh Farnam3Saba Arefi4Farshad H. Shirazi5Toxicological Research Center, Excellence Center of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesToxicological Research Center, Excellence Center of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesPharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesAbstract Alprazolam benzodiazepine misuse is increasingly a public health concern, evidenced by rising cases of overdose and toxicity. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective emergency room treatment. This study investigates the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a rapid diagnostic tool for assessing alprazolam toxicity using saliva samples. Saliva samples were collected from 30 individuals, including healthy subjects and patients with confirmed alprazolam poisoning. FTIR spectroscopy in the form of Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) was used to study the spectral profiles of the samples. Statistical analyses, such as Gaussian peak fitting and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) tests, were carried out to assess the diagnostic ability of the found spectral features. The designed protocol was subsequently applied to 55 additional saliva samples obtained from emergency room patients with suspected alprazolam poisoning, some of whom may have also used other drugs, but without confirmed multi-drug toxicity. Spectral differences between the two groups were evident, particularly in the 1200–1400 cm⁻¹ and 3000–3600 cm⁻¹ regions. ROC analysis demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, differentiating healthy subjects from poisoned ones with 90% classification accuracy at 1200–1400 cm⁻¹ and perfect separation with 100% sensitivity and specificity at 3000–3600 cm⁻¹. A Fisher’s exact test confirmed the diagnostic utility of this method for identifying alprazolam-poisoned individuals, yielding a p-value of less than 0.0002. The results affirm FTIR spectroscopy’s potential as a precise, non-invasive diagnostic tool for alprazolam intoxication. Its ability to quickly distinguish between toxic and non-toxic levels is crucial for improving patient care in emergencies. Moreover, its application was effective even in cases with potential co-medication, provided that alprazolam was the primary suspected agent. FTIR spectroscopy is an effective method for diagnosing alprazolam toxicity in saliva samples, offering a quick, efficient, and non-invasive alternative to traditional techniques. This study opens the door for further research on FTIR in toxicological screening, with the potential to transform clinical practices in drug overdose management.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15188-1Alprazolam toxicityFTIR spectroscopyToxicologySaliva analysisDiagnosis |
| spellingShingle | Arezoo Mahdavinejad Shahin Shadnia Kiana Farhadinejad Golrokh Farnam Saba Arefi Farshad H. Shirazi Rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samples Scientific Reports Alprazolam toxicity FTIR spectroscopy Toxicology Saliva analysis Diagnosis |
| title | Rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samples |
| title_full | Rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samples |
| title_fullStr | Rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samples |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samples |
| title_short | Rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samples |
| title_sort | rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samples |
| topic | Alprazolam toxicity FTIR spectroscopy Toxicology Saliva analysis Diagnosis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15188-1 |
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