Decarbonizing Agriculture: The Impact of Trade and Renewable Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions
This study investigates the environmental effects of agricultural trade, renewable energy use, and economic growth in a panel of 14 selected countries for the period 2000–2021. Per capita CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are modeled as the dependent variable using a second-generation panel data...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Economies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/13/6/162 |
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| author | Nil Sirel Öztürk |
| author_facet | Nil Sirel Öztürk |
| author_sort | Nil Sirel Öztürk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigates the environmental effects of agricultural trade, renewable energy use, and economic growth in a panel of 14 selected countries for the period 2000–2021. Per capita CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are modeled as the dependent variable using a second-generation panel data method, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator, which accounts for cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. The analysis reveals that the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption significantly reduces carbon emissions, emphasizing the role of green energy policies in environmental improvement. In contrast, economic growth is found to increase emissions, indicating the validity of only the initial phase of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Additionally, agricultural imports—and in certain cases, exports—exert upward pressure on emissions, likely due to logistics and production-related externalities embedded in the trade process. Group-specific results highlight distinct dynamics across countries: while renewable energy adoption plays a stronger role in emission mitigation in developing economies, trade composition and production technology drive environmental outcomes in developed ones. The findings underscore the need to redesign trade and energy strategies with explicit consideration of environmental externalities to align with long-term sustainability objectives. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4eddfaabf61c40a5aa67455ee7e6fb21 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-7099 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Economies |
| spelling | doaj-art-4eddfaabf61c40a5aa67455ee7e6fb212025-08-20T03:24:32ZengMDPI AGEconomies2227-70992025-06-0113616210.3390/economies13060162Decarbonizing Agriculture: The Impact of Trade and Renewable Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> EmissionsNil Sirel Öztürk0Department of Customs Management, Keşan Yusuf Çapraz School of Applied Sciences, Trakya University, Keşan, Edirne 22880, TurkeyThis study investigates the environmental effects of agricultural trade, renewable energy use, and economic growth in a panel of 14 selected countries for the period 2000–2021. Per capita CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are modeled as the dependent variable using a second-generation panel data method, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator, which accounts for cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. The analysis reveals that the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption significantly reduces carbon emissions, emphasizing the role of green energy policies in environmental improvement. In contrast, economic growth is found to increase emissions, indicating the validity of only the initial phase of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Additionally, agricultural imports—and in certain cases, exports—exert upward pressure on emissions, likely due to logistics and production-related externalities embedded in the trade process. Group-specific results highlight distinct dynamics across countries: while renewable energy adoption plays a stronger role in emission mitigation in developing economies, trade composition and production technology drive environmental outcomes in developed ones. The findings underscore the need to redesign trade and energy strategies with explicit consideration of environmental externalities to align with long-term sustainability objectives.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/13/6/162agricultural traderenewable energyCO<sub>2</sub> emissions |
| spellingShingle | Nil Sirel Öztürk Decarbonizing Agriculture: The Impact of Trade and Renewable Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Economies agricultural trade renewable energy CO<sub>2</sub> emissions |
| title | Decarbonizing Agriculture: The Impact of Trade and Renewable Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions |
| title_full | Decarbonizing Agriculture: The Impact of Trade and Renewable Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions |
| title_fullStr | Decarbonizing Agriculture: The Impact of Trade and Renewable Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Decarbonizing Agriculture: The Impact of Trade and Renewable Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions |
| title_short | Decarbonizing Agriculture: The Impact of Trade and Renewable Energy on CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions |
| title_sort | decarbonizing agriculture the impact of trade and renewable energy on co sub 2 sub emissions |
| topic | agricultural trade renewable energy CO<sub>2</sub> emissions |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/13/6/162 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nilsirelozturk decarbonizingagriculturetheimpactoftradeandrenewableenergyoncosub2subemissions |