First Report and Pathogenicity Analysis of <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> in Cage-Cultured Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) Associated with Skin Ulcers
<i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>Piscicida</i> (PDP), a marine bacterium, has been reported to infect a variety of economically important marine species worldwide. Understanding the occurrence and pathogenicity of PDP is crucial for effective disease control and ensur...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Dandan Zhou Binzhe Zhang Yulie Qiu Xuepeng Li Jian Zhang |
| author_facet | Dandan Zhou Binzhe Zhang Yulie Qiu Xuepeng Li Jian Zhang |
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| description | <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>Piscicida</i> (PDP), a marine bacterium, has been reported to infect a variety of economically important marine species worldwide. Understanding the occurrence and pathogenicity of PDP is crucial for effective disease control and ensuring the success of aquaculture operations. In late August 2023, an epidemic outbreak of <i>P. damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> DQ-SS1, accompanied by significant mortality, was recorded in cage-cultured black rockfish <i>(Sebastes schlegelii</i>) located on Daqin Island for the first time. Genomic analysis revealed that DQ-SS1 possesses 2 chromosomes, with a total size of 4,510,445 bp and 3923 predicted CDSs. Pathogenic genes analysis identified 573 and 314 genes related to pathogen–host interactions and virulence, respectively. Additionally, DQ-SS1 displayed susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials, was resistant to 11 antimicrobials, and was intermediately sensitive to four antibiotics. Meanwhile, the in vitro assay revealed that the extracellular products (ECP) of DQ-SS1 were lethal to macrophages and exhibited hemolysin, lipase, and amylase activities. Moreover, DQ-SS1 also demonstrated the ability to survive in fish serum and resist complement-mediated killing. The in vivo assay showed that the infected fish exhibited severe histopathological alterations, such as the infiltration of inflammatory cells, cellular degeneration and necrosis, and loose cell aggregation. Lastly, the in vivo infection assays revealed the LD<sub>50</sub> of DQ-SS1 was 1.7 × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/g. This is the first study to elucidate the pathogenicity and genomic characteristics of multidrug-resistant PDP in cage-cultured <i>S. schlegelii</i>, which contributes to the advancement of diagnostic and preventative strategies for this disease in marine-cultured fishes and provides information for an in-depth study of the pathogenic mechanism of PDP. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-4e81e2a36d3c4283bf56cd50c54d8f712025-08-20T03:11:22ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-02-0113244110.3390/microorganisms13020441First Report and Pathogenicity Analysis of <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> in Cage-Cultured Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) Associated with Skin UlcersDandan Zhou0Binzhe Zhang1Yulie Qiu2Xuepeng Li3Jian Zhang4School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, ChinaSchool of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, ChinaSchool of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, ChinaSchool of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, ChinaSchool of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China<i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>Piscicida</i> (PDP), a marine bacterium, has been reported to infect a variety of economically important marine species worldwide. Understanding the occurrence and pathogenicity of PDP is crucial for effective disease control and ensuring the success of aquaculture operations. In late August 2023, an epidemic outbreak of <i>P. damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> DQ-SS1, accompanied by significant mortality, was recorded in cage-cultured black rockfish <i>(Sebastes schlegelii</i>) located on Daqin Island for the first time. Genomic analysis revealed that DQ-SS1 possesses 2 chromosomes, with a total size of 4,510,445 bp and 3923 predicted CDSs. Pathogenic genes analysis identified 573 and 314 genes related to pathogen–host interactions and virulence, respectively. Additionally, DQ-SS1 displayed susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials, was resistant to 11 antimicrobials, and was intermediately sensitive to four antibiotics. Meanwhile, the in vitro assay revealed that the extracellular products (ECP) of DQ-SS1 were lethal to macrophages and exhibited hemolysin, lipase, and amylase activities. Moreover, DQ-SS1 also demonstrated the ability to survive in fish serum and resist complement-mediated killing. The in vivo assay showed that the infected fish exhibited severe histopathological alterations, such as the infiltration of inflammatory cells, cellular degeneration and necrosis, and loose cell aggregation. Lastly, the in vivo infection assays revealed the LD<sub>50</sub> of DQ-SS1 was 1.7 × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/g. This is the first study to elucidate the pathogenicity and genomic characteristics of multidrug-resistant PDP in cage-cultured <i>S. schlegelii</i>, which contributes to the advancement of diagnostic and preventative strategies for this disease in marine-cultured fishes and provides information for an in-depth study of the pathogenic mechanism of PDP.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/2/441<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i><i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i>antimicrobial-resistantextracellular productspathogenicity |
| spellingShingle | Dandan Zhou Binzhe Zhang Yulie Qiu Xuepeng Li Jian Zhang First Report and Pathogenicity Analysis of <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> in Cage-Cultured Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) Associated with Skin Ulcers Microorganisms <i>Sebastes schlegelii</i> <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> antimicrobial-resistant extracellular products pathogenicity |
| title | First Report and Pathogenicity Analysis of <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> in Cage-Cultured Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) Associated with Skin Ulcers |
| title_full | First Report and Pathogenicity Analysis of <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> in Cage-Cultured Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) Associated with Skin Ulcers |
| title_fullStr | First Report and Pathogenicity Analysis of <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> in Cage-Cultured Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) Associated with Skin Ulcers |
| title_full_unstemmed | First Report and Pathogenicity Analysis of <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> in Cage-Cultured Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) Associated with Skin Ulcers |
| title_short | First Report and Pathogenicity Analysis of <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> in Cage-Cultured Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) Associated with Skin Ulcers |
| title_sort | first report and pathogenicity analysis of i photobacterium damselae i subsp i piscicida i in cage cultured black rockfish i sebastes schlegelii i associated with skin ulcers |
| topic | <i>Sebastes schlegelii</i> <i>Photobacterium damselae</i> subsp. <i>piscicida</i> antimicrobial-resistant extracellular products pathogenicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/2/441 |
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