An Alternative to Biliverdin, Mesobiliverdin IXα and Mesobiliverdin-Enriched Microalgae: A Review on the Production and Applications of Mesobiliverdin-Related Products
Despite attracting interest for decades due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, the use of biliverdin IXα (BV) in medicine and agriculture is hampered by uncertain purity and limited availability. A significant amount of effort has been devoted to the production and application of...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| author | Naveena Poudyal Jon Y. Takemoto Yuan-Yu Lin Cheng-Wei T. Chang |
| author_facet | Naveena Poudyal Jon Y. Takemoto Yuan-Yu Lin Cheng-Wei T. Chang |
| author_sort | Naveena Poudyal |
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| description | Despite attracting interest for decades due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, the use of biliverdin IXα (BV) in medicine and agriculture is hampered by uncertain purity and limited availability. A significant amount of effort has been devoted to the production and application of BV, but with limited success. Mesobiliverdin IXα (MBV), a natural BV analog derived from microalgae, offers a path to overcome the limitations of BV. MBV production is scalable, and it can be obtained at high purity. MBV and BV share important structural features (e.g., bridging propionate groups) and both are substrates of biliverdin reductase A (BVRA), and thus exert the same mechanisms and pathways for anti-inflammatory action. To enable the use of MBV in industry, especially in agriculture, a cost-effective product, mesobiliverdin-enriched microalgae (MEM), was developed. In this review, we focus on recent developments and investigations of MBV and MEM, and compare their effectiveness with BV and Spirulina. This review article highlights cost-effective and scalable production of MEM, the therapeutic potential of MBV in cytoprotection and anti-inflammation, and MEM as an animal feed additive for improved gut health and amelioration of osteoporosis. More studies are ongoing to expand the potential applications of both MBV and MEM from fundamental research to industrial and agricultural practices. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4e3f402c10ae45b9b0b498f2d33ff59c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-4e3f402c10ae45b9b0b498f2d33ff59c2025-08-20T03:43:20ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-03-01306137910.3390/molecules30061379An Alternative to Biliverdin, Mesobiliverdin IXα and Mesobiliverdin-Enriched Microalgae: A Review on the Production and Applications of Mesobiliverdin-Related ProductsNaveena Poudyal0Jon Y. Takemoto1Yuan-Yu Lin2Cheng-Wei T. Chang3Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USADepartment of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, USADepartment of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, TaiwanDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USADespite attracting interest for decades due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, the use of biliverdin IXα (BV) in medicine and agriculture is hampered by uncertain purity and limited availability. A significant amount of effort has been devoted to the production and application of BV, but with limited success. Mesobiliverdin IXα (MBV), a natural BV analog derived from microalgae, offers a path to overcome the limitations of BV. MBV production is scalable, and it can be obtained at high purity. MBV and BV share important structural features (e.g., bridging propionate groups) and both are substrates of biliverdin reductase A (BVRA), and thus exert the same mechanisms and pathways for anti-inflammatory action. To enable the use of MBV in industry, especially in agriculture, a cost-effective product, mesobiliverdin-enriched microalgae (MEM), was developed. In this review, we focus on recent developments and investigations of MBV and MEM, and compare their effectiveness with BV and Spirulina. This review article highlights cost-effective and scalable production of MEM, the therapeutic potential of MBV in cytoprotection and anti-inflammation, and MEM as an animal feed additive for improved gut health and amelioration of osteoporosis. More studies are ongoing to expand the potential applications of both MBV and MEM from fundamental research to industrial and agricultural practices.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/6/1379anti-inflammatoryantioxidativespirulinaanimal feed additiveosteoporosis |
| spellingShingle | Naveena Poudyal Jon Y. Takemoto Yuan-Yu Lin Cheng-Wei T. Chang An Alternative to Biliverdin, Mesobiliverdin IXα and Mesobiliverdin-Enriched Microalgae: A Review on the Production and Applications of Mesobiliverdin-Related Products Molecules anti-inflammatory antioxidative spirulina animal feed additive osteoporosis |
| title | An Alternative to Biliverdin, Mesobiliverdin IXα and Mesobiliverdin-Enriched Microalgae: A Review on the Production and Applications of Mesobiliverdin-Related Products |
| title_full | An Alternative to Biliverdin, Mesobiliverdin IXα and Mesobiliverdin-Enriched Microalgae: A Review on the Production and Applications of Mesobiliverdin-Related Products |
| title_fullStr | An Alternative to Biliverdin, Mesobiliverdin IXα and Mesobiliverdin-Enriched Microalgae: A Review on the Production and Applications of Mesobiliverdin-Related Products |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Alternative to Biliverdin, Mesobiliverdin IXα and Mesobiliverdin-Enriched Microalgae: A Review on the Production and Applications of Mesobiliverdin-Related Products |
| title_short | An Alternative to Biliverdin, Mesobiliverdin IXα and Mesobiliverdin-Enriched Microalgae: A Review on the Production and Applications of Mesobiliverdin-Related Products |
| title_sort | alternative to biliverdin mesobiliverdin ixα and mesobiliverdin enriched microalgae a review on the production and applications of mesobiliverdin related products |
| topic | anti-inflammatory antioxidative spirulina animal feed additive osteoporosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/6/1379 |
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