CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China
<p>Large-scale hydrologic modeling at the national scale is an increasingly important effort worldwide to tackle ecohydrologic issues induced by global water scarcity. In this study, a surface water–groundwater integrated hydrologic modeling platform was built using ParFlow, covering the entir...
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| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| Online Access: | https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/29/2201/2025/hess-29-2201-2025.pdf |
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| author | C. Yang Z. Jia W. Xu Z. Wei X. Zhang Y. Zou J. McDonnell J. McDonnell J. McDonnell L. Condon Y. Dai R. Maxwell |
| author_facet | C. Yang Z. Jia W. Xu Z. Wei X. Zhang Y. Zou J. McDonnell J. McDonnell J. McDonnell L. Condon Y. Dai R. Maxwell |
| author_sort | C. Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Large-scale hydrologic modeling at the national scale is an increasingly important effort worldwide to tackle ecohydrologic issues induced by global water scarcity. In this study, a surface water–groundwater integrated hydrologic modeling platform was built using ParFlow, covering the entirety of continental China with a resolution of 30 <span class="inline-formula">arcsec</span>. This model, CONCN 1.0, offers a full treatment of 3D variably saturated groundwater by solving Richards' equation, along with the shallow-water equation at the ground surface. The performance of CONCN 1.0 was rigorously evaluated using both global data products and observations. RSR values (the ratio of the root mean squared error to the standard deviation of observations) show satisfying performance with regard to streamflow, yet the streamflow is lower in the endorheic, Hai, and Liao rivers due to uncertainties in potential recharge. RSR values also indicate satisfying performance in terms of the water table depth of the CONCN model. This is an intermediate performance compared to two global groundwater models, highlighting the uncertainties that persist in current large-scale groundwater modeling. Our modeling work is also a comprehensive evaluation of the current workflow for continental-scale hydrologic modeling using ParFlow and could be a good starting point for modeling in other regions worldwide, even when using different modeling systems. More specifically, the vast arid and semi-arid regions in China with substantial sinks (i.e., the endpoints of endorheic rivers) and the large uncertainties in potential recharge pose challenges for the numerical solution and model performance, respectively. Incompatibilities between data and the model, such as the mismatch of spatial resolutions between models and products and the shorter, less frequent observation records, necessitate further refinement of the workflow to enable fast modeling. This work not only establishes the first integrated hydrologic modeling platform in China for efficient water resources management but will also benefit the improvement of next-generation models worldwide.</p> |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4dd1f06556954b65842a7074eae1dfbe |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1027-5606 1607-7938 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-4dd1f06556954b65842a7074eae1dfbe2025-08-20T01:51:13ZengCopernicus PublicationsHydrology and Earth System Sciences1027-56061607-79382025-05-01292201221810.5194/hess-29-2201-2025CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental ChinaC. Yang0Z. Jia1W. Xu2Z. Wei3X. Zhang4Y. Zou5J. McDonnell6J. McDonnell7J. McDonnell8L. Condon9Y. Dai10R. Maxwell11School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, ChinaCollege of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, ChinaSchool of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, ChinaDepartment of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USADepartment of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeSchool of Environment and Sustainability, Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, CanadaSchool of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKNorth China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, ChinaDepartment of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USASchool of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, ChinaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, High Meadows Environmental Institute, Integrated GroundWater Modeling Center, Princeton University, Princeton, USA<p>Large-scale hydrologic modeling at the national scale is an increasingly important effort worldwide to tackle ecohydrologic issues induced by global water scarcity. In this study, a surface water–groundwater integrated hydrologic modeling platform was built using ParFlow, covering the entirety of continental China with a resolution of 30 <span class="inline-formula">arcsec</span>. This model, CONCN 1.0, offers a full treatment of 3D variably saturated groundwater by solving Richards' equation, along with the shallow-water equation at the ground surface. The performance of CONCN 1.0 was rigorously evaluated using both global data products and observations. RSR values (the ratio of the root mean squared error to the standard deviation of observations) show satisfying performance with regard to streamflow, yet the streamflow is lower in the endorheic, Hai, and Liao rivers due to uncertainties in potential recharge. RSR values also indicate satisfying performance in terms of the water table depth of the CONCN model. This is an intermediate performance compared to two global groundwater models, highlighting the uncertainties that persist in current large-scale groundwater modeling. Our modeling work is also a comprehensive evaluation of the current workflow for continental-scale hydrologic modeling using ParFlow and could be a good starting point for modeling in other regions worldwide, even when using different modeling systems. More specifically, the vast arid and semi-arid regions in China with substantial sinks (i.e., the endpoints of endorheic rivers) and the large uncertainties in potential recharge pose challenges for the numerical solution and model performance, respectively. Incompatibilities between data and the model, such as the mismatch of spatial resolutions between models and products and the shorter, less frequent observation records, necessitate further refinement of the workflow to enable fast modeling. This work not only establishes the first integrated hydrologic modeling platform in China for efficient water resources management but will also benefit the improvement of next-generation models worldwide.</p>https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/29/2201/2025/hess-29-2201-2025.pdf |
| spellingShingle | C. Yang Z. Jia W. Xu Z. Wei X. Zhang Y. Zou J. McDonnell J. McDonnell J. McDonnell L. Condon Y. Dai R. Maxwell CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| title | CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China |
| title_full | CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China |
| title_fullStr | CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China |
| title_full_unstemmed | CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China |
| title_short | CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China |
| title_sort | concn a high resolution integrated surface water groundwater parflow modeling platform of continental china |
| url | https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/29/2201/2025/hess-29-2201-2025.pdf |
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