Development of Compounded Surfactant Foam and Its Application in Emergency Control of Piping in Dikes
Piping is a severe threat to dikes, which can lead to dike failure, and cause significant economic and human casualties. However, conventional measures necessitate substantial labor and material resources. A novel foam-based method for the rapid mitigation of piping was proposed to enhance piping em...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/12/2583 |
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| author | Jiakun Gong Zuopeng Pang Yuan Wang Jie Ren Tian Qi Adam Bezuijen |
| author_facet | Jiakun Gong Zuopeng Pang Yuan Wang Jie Ren Tian Qi Adam Bezuijen |
| author_sort | Jiakun Gong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Piping is a severe threat to dikes, which can lead to dike failure, and cause significant economic and human casualties. However, conventional measures necessitate substantial labor and material resources. A novel foam-based method for the rapid mitigation of piping was proposed to enhance piping emergency control efficiency, which demonstrates significant application potential. This study aims to develop a novel foam formulation and evaluate its performance in controlling piping in dikes. Through a combination of foam static-property characterization experiment and foam plugging capacity assessment experiment, a compounded anionic–cationic surfactant composed of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is optimized. The formulation, at a 9:1 mass ratio and 1.5% total concentration, exhibits superior foam stability and plugging performance. An experiment on the ability of the foam to restrain piping demonstrated that, compared to single-component SDS foam, the compounded SDS-CTAB foam increased the critical hydraulic gradient for piping from 2.35 to 2.70, a 15% improvement. It also reduces the extent of piping channel development under equivalent hydraulic conditions. The foam storage area exhibits enhanced scour resistance and better preservation under prolonged water flow. Mechanistically, the SDS-CTAB foam benefits from synergistic hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding between surfactant molecules, which enhance foam stability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4daee5b7a4e24957a51b14908bf10997 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-4daee5b7a4e24957a51b14908bf109972025-08-20T03:27:40ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-06-013012258310.3390/molecules30122583Development of Compounded Surfactant Foam and Its Application in Emergency Control of Piping in DikesJiakun Gong0Zuopeng Pang1Yuan Wang2Jie Ren3Tian Qi4Adam Bezuijen5College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, ChinaCollege of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, ChinaCollege of Water Conservancy & Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, ChinaCollege of Water Conservancy & Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, ChinaCollege of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, ChinaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumPiping is a severe threat to dikes, which can lead to dike failure, and cause significant economic and human casualties. However, conventional measures necessitate substantial labor and material resources. A novel foam-based method for the rapid mitigation of piping was proposed to enhance piping emergency control efficiency, which demonstrates significant application potential. This study aims to develop a novel foam formulation and evaluate its performance in controlling piping in dikes. Through a combination of foam static-property characterization experiment and foam plugging capacity assessment experiment, a compounded anionic–cationic surfactant composed of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is optimized. The formulation, at a 9:1 mass ratio and 1.5% total concentration, exhibits superior foam stability and plugging performance. An experiment on the ability of the foam to restrain piping demonstrated that, compared to single-component SDS foam, the compounded SDS-CTAB foam increased the critical hydraulic gradient for piping from 2.35 to 2.70, a 15% improvement. It also reduces the extent of piping channel development under equivalent hydraulic conditions. The foam storage area exhibits enhanced scour resistance and better preservation under prolonged water flow. Mechanistically, the SDS-CTAB foam benefits from synergistic hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding between surfactant molecules, which enhance foam stability.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/12/2583dikepipinganion–cation surfactantsynergistic effectfoam |
| spellingShingle | Jiakun Gong Zuopeng Pang Yuan Wang Jie Ren Tian Qi Adam Bezuijen Development of Compounded Surfactant Foam and Its Application in Emergency Control of Piping in Dikes Molecules dike piping anion–cation surfactant synergistic effect foam |
| title | Development of Compounded Surfactant Foam and Its Application in Emergency Control of Piping in Dikes |
| title_full | Development of Compounded Surfactant Foam and Its Application in Emergency Control of Piping in Dikes |
| title_fullStr | Development of Compounded Surfactant Foam and Its Application in Emergency Control of Piping in Dikes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of Compounded Surfactant Foam and Its Application in Emergency Control of Piping in Dikes |
| title_short | Development of Compounded Surfactant Foam and Its Application in Emergency Control of Piping in Dikes |
| title_sort | development of compounded surfactant foam and its application in emergency control of piping in dikes |
| topic | dike piping anion–cation surfactant synergistic effect foam |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/12/2583 |
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