The Association of <i>VDR</i>, <i>CYP2R1</i>, and <i>GC</i> Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Intake, and BMI in Regulating Vitamin D Status

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in bone health and immune function, with serum 25(OH)D levels influenced by genetic, dietary, and metabolic factors. Background/Objectives: This study investigated the impact of <i>VDR</i> rs731236, <i>CYP2R1</i> rs10741657, and <i>GC</...

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Main Authors: Carmina Mariana Stroia, Annamaria Pallag, Maria Vrânceanu, David de Lorenzo, Keith Anthony Grimaldi, Csaba Robert Pallag, Kinga Vindis, Diana Bei, Cristina Burlou-Nagy (Fati), Timea Claudia Ghitea
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Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Diseases
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/13/7/219
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author Carmina Mariana Stroia
Annamaria Pallag
Maria Vrânceanu
David de Lorenzo
Keith Anthony Grimaldi
Csaba Robert Pallag
Kinga Vindis
Diana Bei
Cristina Burlou-Nagy (Fati)
Timea Claudia Ghitea
author_facet Carmina Mariana Stroia
Annamaria Pallag
Maria Vrânceanu
David de Lorenzo
Keith Anthony Grimaldi
Csaba Robert Pallag
Kinga Vindis
Diana Bei
Cristina Burlou-Nagy (Fati)
Timea Claudia Ghitea
author_sort Carmina Mariana Stroia
collection DOAJ
description Vitamin D plays a crucial role in bone health and immune function, with serum 25(OH)D levels influenced by genetic, dietary, and metabolic factors. Background/Objectives: This study investigated the impact of <i>VDR</i> rs731236, <i>CYP2R1</i> rs10741657, and <i>GC</i> rs2282679 polymorphisms, body mass index (BMI), and dietary vitamin D intake on vitamin D status. Methods: A total of 230 adults were classified into four BMI categories: normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), obesity class I (OB), and obesity class II/III (OP). Participants completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and a 7-day Food Frequency Diary (FFD). Genotyping was performed using TaqMan assays, and serum 25(OH)D was quantified via spectrophotometry. Statistical analyses included ANOVA and multiple linear regression. Results: The <i>VDR</i> rs731236 CC genotype, <i>CYP2R1</i> rs10741657 AG/GG, and <i>GC</i> rs2282679 AC/CC were associated with lower serum vitamin D levels. A higher BMI was significantly correlated with reduced serum 25(OH)D (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with BMI emerging as the strongest predictor of vitamin D status. FFQ-based dietary intake showed a modest positive correlation with 25(OH)D (r = 0.47, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Conclusions: BMI and genetic variants in <i>VDR</i>, <i>CYP2R1</i>, and <i>GC</i> significantly influence vitamin D metabolism. Personalized interventions addressing genetic predispositions and weight management may improve vitamin D status.
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spelling doaj-art-4d6b4ea2caba42859c9d9ee696b953492025-08-20T03:35:37ZengMDPI AGDiseases2079-97212025-07-0113721910.3390/diseases13070219The Association of <i>VDR</i>, <i>CYP2R1</i>, and <i>GC</i> Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Intake, and BMI in Regulating Vitamin D StatusCarmina Mariana Stroia0Annamaria Pallag1Maria Vrânceanu2David de Lorenzo3Keith Anthony Grimaldi4Csaba Robert Pallag5Kinga Vindis6Diana Bei7Cristina Burlou-Nagy (Fati)8Timea Claudia Ghitea9Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, RomaniaDoctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, RomaniaDepartment Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, 310025 Arad, RomaniaUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartment of Nutrigenetics and Personalized Nutrition, Eurogenetica, 00185 Rome, ItalyMSc International Economy and Business Program of Study, Corvinus University of Budapest, 1093 Budapest, HungaryDoctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, RomaniaMedical Disciplines Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, RomaniaDoctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, RomaniaPharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, RomaniaVitamin D plays a crucial role in bone health and immune function, with serum 25(OH)D levels influenced by genetic, dietary, and metabolic factors. Background/Objectives: This study investigated the impact of <i>VDR</i> rs731236, <i>CYP2R1</i> rs10741657, and <i>GC</i> rs2282679 polymorphisms, body mass index (BMI), and dietary vitamin D intake on vitamin D status. Methods: A total of 230 adults were classified into four BMI categories: normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), obesity class I (OB), and obesity class II/III (OP). Participants completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and a 7-day Food Frequency Diary (FFD). Genotyping was performed using TaqMan assays, and serum 25(OH)D was quantified via spectrophotometry. Statistical analyses included ANOVA and multiple linear regression. Results: The <i>VDR</i> rs731236 CC genotype, <i>CYP2R1</i> rs10741657 AG/GG, and <i>GC</i> rs2282679 AC/CC were associated with lower serum vitamin D levels. A higher BMI was significantly correlated with reduced serum 25(OH)D (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with BMI emerging as the strongest predictor of vitamin D status. FFQ-based dietary intake showed a modest positive correlation with 25(OH)D (r = 0.47, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Conclusions: BMI and genetic variants in <i>VDR</i>, <i>CYP2R1</i>, and <i>GC</i> significantly influence vitamin D metabolism. Personalized interventions addressing genetic predispositions and weight management may improve vitamin D status.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/13/7/219vitamin DBMIgenetic polymorphisms<i>VDR</i><i>CYP2R1</i><i>GC</i>
spellingShingle Carmina Mariana Stroia
Annamaria Pallag
Maria Vrânceanu
David de Lorenzo
Keith Anthony Grimaldi
Csaba Robert Pallag
Kinga Vindis
Diana Bei
Cristina Burlou-Nagy (Fati)
Timea Claudia Ghitea
The Association of <i>VDR</i>, <i>CYP2R1</i>, and <i>GC</i> Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Intake, and BMI in Regulating Vitamin D Status
Diseases
vitamin D
BMI
genetic polymorphisms
<i>VDR</i>
<i>CYP2R1</i>
<i>GC</i>
title The Association of <i>VDR</i>, <i>CYP2R1</i>, and <i>GC</i> Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Intake, and BMI in Regulating Vitamin D Status
title_full The Association of <i>VDR</i>, <i>CYP2R1</i>, and <i>GC</i> Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Intake, and BMI in Regulating Vitamin D Status
title_fullStr The Association of <i>VDR</i>, <i>CYP2R1</i>, and <i>GC</i> Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Intake, and BMI in Regulating Vitamin D Status
title_full_unstemmed The Association of <i>VDR</i>, <i>CYP2R1</i>, and <i>GC</i> Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Intake, and BMI in Regulating Vitamin D Status
title_short The Association of <i>VDR</i>, <i>CYP2R1</i>, and <i>GC</i> Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Intake, and BMI in Regulating Vitamin D Status
title_sort association of i vdr i i cyp2r1 i and i gc i gene polymorphisms dietary intake and bmi in regulating vitamin d status
topic vitamin D
BMI
genetic polymorphisms
<i>VDR</i>
<i>CYP2R1</i>
<i>GC</i>
url https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/13/7/219
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