Validating the Threat of a Virtual Reality Clinical Environment: A Mixed Methods Study

There is an increasing need for virtual reality (VR) health applications. In the field of pain, VR has been used mainly as a distraction, with minimal use of VR to answer basic clinical questions. Pain is multifactorial and inherently threatening. Our lab recently designed two VR clinical environmen...

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Main Authors: David O’Neill, Morgan Titmus, Wesley Lamont, Wan Hui Teh, Enoch Perimal, Flavia Di Pietro
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/21/10009
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author David O’Neill
Morgan Titmus
Wesley Lamont
Wan Hui Teh
Enoch Perimal
Flavia Di Pietro
author_facet David O’Neill
Morgan Titmus
Wesley Lamont
Wan Hui Teh
Enoch Perimal
Flavia Di Pietro
author_sort David O’Neill
collection DOAJ
description There is an increasing need for virtual reality (VR) health applications. In the field of pain, VR has been used mainly as a distraction, with minimal use of VR to answer basic clinical questions. Pain is multifactorial and inherently threatening. Our lab recently designed two VR clinical environments with varying threat values; the present study sought to validate these environments. Subjects were randomly allocated into either the threatening or non-threatening VR consultation room and both subjective (threat questionnaire) and physiological (salivary cortisol) measurements were taken. As hypothesised, subjects in the threat condition recorded a higher threat score (<i>p</i> < 0.001; effect size = 0.76). There was a cortisol change across time in the threat condition (χ<sup>2</sup>(2) = 13.83, <i>p</i> < 0.001), but there were unexpected decreases at both 20 (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and 26 min (<i>p</i> = 0.03) following VR. While the physiological findings need further clarification, this study provides some validation of the threat value of our VR clinical tools. As such, these VR environments can potentially be used in pain experiments to help better our understanding of basic pain mechanisms. It is only with such understanding that we might offer new avenues for pain management.
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spelling doaj-art-4d5e883a8a2f4f0ebe3b5717ae144b442025-08-20T02:14:15ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-11-0114211000910.3390/app142110009Validating the Threat of a Virtual Reality Clinical Environment: A Mixed Methods StudyDavid O’Neill0Morgan Titmus1Wesley Lamont2Wan Hui Teh3Enoch Perimal4Flavia Di Pietro5Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaSchool of Design and the Built Environment, Faculty of Humanities, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaHub for Immersive Visualisation and eResearch (HIVE), Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AustraliaThere is an increasing need for virtual reality (VR) health applications. In the field of pain, VR has been used mainly as a distraction, with minimal use of VR to answer basic clinical questions. Pain is multifactorial and inherently threatening. Our lab recently designed two VR clinical environments with varying threat values; the present study sought to validate these environments. Subjects were randomly allocated into either the threatening or non-threatening VR consultation room and both subjective (threat questionnaire) and physiological (salivary cortisol) measurements were taken. As hypothesised, subjects in the threat condition recorded a higher threat score (<i>p</i> < 0.001; effect size = 0.76). There was a cortisol change across time in the threat condition (χ<sup>2</sup>(2) = 13.83, <i>p</i> < 0.001), but there were unexpected decreases at both 20 (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and 26 min (<i>p</i> = 0.03) following VR. While the physiological findings need further clarification, this study provides some validation of the threat value of our VR clinical tools. As such, these VR environments can potentially be used in pain experiments to help better our understanding of basic pain mechanisms. It is only with such understanding that we might offer new avenues for pain management.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/21/10009virtual realitythreatpainclinical environmentcortisolmixed methods
spellingShingle David O’Neill
Morgan Titmus
Wesley Lamont
Wan Hui Teh
Enoch Perimal
Flavia Di Pietro
Validating the Threat of a Virtual Reality Clinical Environment: A Mixed Methods Study
Applied Sciences
virtual reality
threat
pain
clinical environment
cortisol
mixed methods
title Validating the Threat of a Virtual Reality Clinical Environment: A Mixed Methods Study
title_full Validating the Threat of a Virtual Reality Clinical Environment: A Mixed Methods Study
title_fullStr Validating the Threat of a Virtual Reality Clinical Environment: A Mixed Methods Study
title_full_unstemmed Validating the Threat of a Virtual Reality Clinical Environment: A Mixed Methods Study
title_short Validating the Threat of a Virtual Reality Clinical Environment: A Mixed Methods Study
title_sort validating the threat of a virtual reality clinical environment a mixed methods study
topic virtual reality
threat
pain
clinical environment
cortisol
mixed methods
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/21/10009
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