Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation and Resistance Training on the Lipid Profile in Sedentary Type-II Diabetic Individuals: An Experimental Study
Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is associated with dyslipidaemia, a major contributor to cardiovascular complications. Resistance Training (RT) is known to improve lipid metabolism, but adherence can be challenging. Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) has emerged as a potential alternative, pro...
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JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
2025-06-01
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| author | Vishwajeet Trivedi Neelima Mishra Kamran Ali |
| author_facet | Vishwajeet Trivedi Neelima Mishra Kamran Ali |
| author_sort | Vishwajeet Trivedi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is associated with dyslipidaemia, a major contributor to cardiovascular complications. Resistance Training (RT) is known to improve lipid metabolism, but adherence can be challenging. Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) has emerged as a potential alternative, promoting muscle activation and metabolic improvements.
Aim: To evaluate and compare the effects of EMS and RT on lipid profile parameters, including Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Liopprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), High Density Liopprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Triglycerides (TG), in sedentary individuals with diabetes.
Materials and Methods: An experimental study with a pretest/post-test design was conducted in the Department of Physiotherapy at GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India starting from October 2023 until September 2024. A total of 66 sedentary type II diabetic subjects (both males and females) with a fasting blood glucose level between 100 mg/dL and 250 mg/dL and on oral hypoglycaemic drugs, without any major systemic or diabetic complications, were included in the study. Subjects were assigned to three groups through a convenient sampling method: EMS, RT and a control group. The EMS group, with a mean age of 53.0±3.7 years, received Russian current stimulation on three alternate days per week for 12 weeks. The RT group, with a mean age of 52.0±4.84 years, performed progressive resistance exercises on three alternate days per week for 12 weeks, while the control group, with a mean age of 49.77±6.75 years, received standard patient education on diet and physical activity. Lipid profile parameters, including TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, Very Low Density Liopprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C), TGs and cholesterol/HDL ratio, were assessed at baseline, postintervention (12 weeks) and after a three-month follow-up. The pre-post data for intervention groups were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at three time points with p-value <0.05.
Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant group-time interactions for TC (p-value <0.001, η²=0.348), LDL-C (p-value=0.003, η²=0.120), triglycerides (p-value <0.001, η²=0.213), HDL-C (p-value <0.001, η²=0.162) and cholesterol/HDL ratio (p-value=0.002, η²=0.194), while changes in VLDL were not significant (p-value=0.713). Pairwise comparisons indicated significantly lower TC, LDL-C and cholesterol/HDL ratio in the EMS and RT groups compared to controls (p-value <0.01), with no difference between EMS and RT (p-value >0.05). Triglycerides decreased significantly in both intervention groups (p-value <0.05), with EMS showing a greater reduction, though not statistically different from RT (p-value=1.000). HDL-C changes were minor and nonsignificant across groups (p-value>0.05). These findings suggest that both EMS and RT effectively improve lipid profiles, with RT favouring cholesterol modulation and EMS being more effective for triglyceride reduction.
Conclusion: Both EMS and RT effectively improved lipid profiles in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), with RT demonstrating superior benefits in reducing cholesterol and LDL-C, while EMS was more effective in lowering triglycerides. EMS may serve as a viable alternative for individuals with exercise limitations, offering a non pharmacological approach in managing diabetic dyslipidaemia. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4d3b06089877498d976fcdb7aa5f649b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2249-782X 0973-709X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-4d3b06089877498d976fcdb7aa5f649b2025-08-20T03:26:38ZengJCDR Research and Publications Private LimitedJournal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research2249-782X0973-709X2025-06-01196YC01YC0610.7860/JCDR/2025/78626.21071Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation and Resistance Training on the Lipid Profile in Sedentary Type-II Diabetic Individuals: An Experimental StudyVishwajeet Trivedi0Neelima Mishra1Kamran Ali2Associate Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, G D Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India.Associate Director, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India.Associate Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, G D Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India.Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is associated with dyslipidaemia, a major contributor to cardiovascular complications. Resistance Training (RT) is known to improve lipid metabolism, but adherence can be challenging. Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) has emerged as a potential alternative, promoting muscle activation and metabolic improvements. Aim: To evaluate and compare the effects of EMS and RT on lipid profile parameters, including Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Liopprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), High Density Liopprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Triglycerides (TG), in sedentary individuals with diabetes. Materials and Methods: An experimental study with a pretest/post-test design was conducted in the Department of Physiotherapy at GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India starting from October 2023 until September 2024. A total of 66 sedentary type II diabetic subjects (both males and females) with a fasting blood glucose level between 100 mg/dL and 250 mg/dL and on oral hypoglycaemic drugs, without any major systemic or diabetic complications, were included in the study. Subjects were assigned to three groups through a convenient sampling method: EMS, RT and a control group. The EMS group, with a mean age of 53.0±3.7 years, received Russian current stimulation on three alternate days per week for 12 weeks. The RT group, with a mean age of 52.0±4.84 years, performed progressive resistance exercises on three alternate days per week for 12 weeks, while the control group, with a mean age of 49.77±6.75 years, received standard patient education on diet and physical activity. Lipid profile parameters, including TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, Very Low Density Liopprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C), TGs and cholesterol/HDL ratio, were assessed at baseline, postintervention (12 weeks) and after a three-month follow-up. The pre-post data for intervention groups were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at three time points with p-value <0.05. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant group-time interactions for TC (p-value <0.001, η²=0.348), LDL-C (p-value=0.003, η²=0.120), triglycerides (p-value <0.001, η²=0.213), HDL-C (p-value <0.001, η²=0.162) and cholesterol/HDL ratio (p-value=0.002, η²=0.194), while changes in VLDL were not significant (p-value=0.713). Pairwise comparisons indicated significantly lower TC, LDL-C and cholesterol/HDL ratio in the EMS and RT groups compared to controls (p-value <0.01), with no difference between EMS and RT (p-value >0.05). Triglycerides decreased significantly in both intervention groups (p-value <0.05), with EMS showing a greater reduction, though not statistically different from RT (p-value=1.000). HDL-C changes were minor and nonsignificant across groups (p-value>0.05). These findings suggest that both EMS and RT effectively improve lipid profiles, with RT favouring cholesterol modulation and EMS being more effective for triglyceride reduction. Conclusion: Both EMS and RT effectively improved lipid profiles in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), with RT demonstrating superior benefits in reducing cholesterol and LDL-C, while EMS was more effective in lowering triglycerides. EMS may serve as a viable alternative for individuals with exercise limitations, offering a non pharmacological approach in managing diabetic dyslipidaemia.https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/21071/78626_CE[Ra1]__F(IS)_QC(PS_SS)_PF1(AG_IS)_PFA(IS)_PB(AG_IS)_PN(IS).pdfcholesteroldiabetes mellitus-type 2electric stimulation therapylipid metabolism |
| spellingShingle | Vishwajeet Trivedi Neelima Mishra Kamran Ali Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation and Resistance Training on the Lipid Profile in Sedentary Type-II Diabetic Individuals: An Experimental Study Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research cholesterol diabetes mellitus-type 2 electric stimulation therapy lipid metabolism |
| title | Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation and Resistance Training on the Lipid Profile in Sedentary Type-II Diabetic Individuals: An Experimental Study |
| title_full | Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation and Resistance Training on the Lipid Profile in Sedentary Type-II Diabetic Individuals: An Experimental Study |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation and Resistance Training on the Lipid Profile in Sedentary Type-II Diabetic Individuals: An Experimental Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation and Resistance Training on the Lipid Profile in Sedentary Type-II Diabetic Individuals: An Experimental Study |
| title_short | Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation and Resistance Training on the Lipid Profile in Sedentary Type-II Diabetic Individuals: An Experimental Study |
| title_sort | effect of electrical muscle stimulation and resistance training on the lipid profile in sedentary type ii diabetic individuals an experimental study |
| topic | cholesterol diabetes mellitus-type 2 electric stimulation therapy lipid metabolism |
| url | https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/21071/78626_CE[Ra1]__F(IS)_QC(PS_SS)_PF1(AG_IS)_PFA(IS)_PB(AG_IS)_PN(IS).pdf |
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