Spatio-Temporal Variability in CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean (SO) plays a fundamental role in the planet’s climate system, due to its ability to absorb and redistribute heat and CO<sub>2</sub> (an important greenhouse gas). In addition, the SO connects three large oceanic basins the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Indian Oceans,...
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2025-03-01
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| author | Gabrielle Tavares de Carvalho Luciano Ponzi Pezzi Nathalie Lefèvre Celina Cândida Ferreira Rodrigues Marcelo Freitas Santini Carlos Mejia |
| author_facet | Gabrielle Tavares de Carvalho Luciano Ponzi Pezzi Nathalie Lefèvre Celina Cândida Ferreira Rodrigues Marcelo Freitas Santini Carlos Mejia |
| author_sort | Gabrielle Tavares de Carvalho |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Southern Ocean (SO) plays a fundamental role in the planet’s climate system, due to its ability to absorb and redistribute heat and CO<sub>2</sub> (an important greenhouse gas). In addition, the SO connects three large oceanic basins the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Indian Oceans, and it has an important role in the nutrient distribution in these oceans. However, the SO is poorly sampled, with most measurements made in austral spring and summer. The variability in the air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux is estimated, as well as the role of atmospheric and oceanic variables in this variability. The CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes are calculated using the bulk parameterization method, in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, from 2003 to 2022, using in situ measurements, satellites, and a reanalysis data set. A neural network model is built to produce maps of the partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> in seawater (pCO<sub>2sea</sub>). The CO<sub>2</sub> flux varies from −0.05 to 0.05 gC m<sup>−2</sup> month<sup>−1</sup>. The Atlantic sector of the SO is a sink of CO<sub>2</sub> in summer and spring and becomes a source in austral winter and autumn. The CO<sub>2</sub> absorption intensifies from 2003 to 2022 by 7.6 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> month<sup>−1</sup>, due to stronger westerly winds, related to the trend in the positive phase of the Antarctic Oscillation and the extreme El Niño Southern Ocean (ENSO) events (e.g., El Niño and La Niña). |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj-art-4d182d830fe44e07973d798559384abb2025-08-20T02:42:35ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332025-03-0116331910.3390/atmos16030319Spatio-Temporal Variability in CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern OceanGabrielle Tavares de Carvalho0Luciano Ponzi Pezzi1Nathalie Lefèvre2Celina Cândida Ferreira Rodrigues3Marcelo Freitas Santini4Carlos Mejia5Laboratory of Ocean and Atmosphere Studies (LOA), Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division (DIOTG), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, BrazilLaboratory of Ocean and Atmosphere Studies (LOA), Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division (DIOTG), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, BrazilLaboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) and Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Place Jussieu, 4, 75252 Paris, FranceLaboratory of Ocean and Atmosphere Studies (LOA), Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division (DIOTG), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, BrazilLaboratory of Ocean and Atmosphere Studies (LOA), Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division (DIOTG), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, BrazilLaboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) and Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Place Jussieu, 4, 75252 Paris, FranceThe Southern Ocean (SO) plays a fundamental role in the planet’s climate system, due to its ability to absorb and redistribute heat and CO<sub>2</sub> (an important greenhouse gas). In addition, the SO connects three large oceanic basins the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Indian Oceans, and it has an important role in the nutrient distribution in these oceans. However, the SO is poorly sampled, with most measurements made in austral spring and summer. The variability in the air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux is estimated, as well as the role of atmospheric and oceanic variables in this variability. The CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes are calculated using the bulk parameterization method, in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, from 2003 to 2022, using in situ measurements, satellites, and a reanalysis data set. A neural network model is built to produce maps of the partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> in seawater (pCO<sub>2sea</sub>). The CO<sub>2</sub> flux varies from −0.05 to 0.05 gC m<sup>−2</sup> month<sup>−1</sup>. The Atlantic sector of the SO is a sink of CO<sub>2</sub> in summer and spring and becomes a source in austral winter and autumn. The CO<sub>2</sub> absorption intensifies from 2003 to 2022 by 7.6 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> month<sup>−1</sup>, due to stronger westerly winds, related to the trend in the positive phase of the Antarctic Oscillation and the extreme El Niño Southern Ocean (ENSO) events (e.g., El Niño and La Niña).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/3/319air-sea interactionCO<sub>2</sub> fluxvariability of CO<sub>2</sub> fluxesAtlantic OceanSouthern Ocean |
| spellingShingle | Gabrielle Tavares de Carvalho Luciano Ponzi Pezzi Nathalie Lefèvre Celina Cândida Ferreira Rodrigues Marcelo Freitas Santini Carlos Mejia Spatio-Temporal Variability in CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean Atmosphere air-sea interaction CO<sub>2</sub> flux variability of CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean |
| title | Spatio-Temporal Variability in CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean |
| title_full | Spatio-Temporal Variability in CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean |
| title_fullStr | Spatio-Temporal Variability in CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatio-Temporal Variability in CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean |
| title_short | Spatio-Temporal Variability in CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean |
| title_sort | spatio temporal variability in co sub 2 sub fluxes in the atlantic sector of the southern ocean |
| topic | air-sea interaction CO<sub>2</sub> flux variability of CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/3/319 |
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