Fusion of Acoustic and Vis-NIRS Information for High-Accuracy Online Detection of Moldy Core in Apples
Moldy core is a common disease of apples, and non-destructive, rapid and accurate detection of moldy core apples is essential to ensure food safety and reduce post-harvest economic losses. In this study, the acoustic method was used for the first time for the online detection of moldy core apples, a...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-05-01
|
| Series: | Agriculture |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/11/1202 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849723869463576576 |
|---|---|
| author | Nan Chen Xiaoyu Zhang Zhi Liu Tianyu Zhang Qingrong Lai Bin Li Yeqing Lu Bo Hu Xiaogang Jiang Yande Liu |
| author_facet | Nan Chen Xiaoyu Zhang Zhi Liu Tianyu Zhang Qingrong Lai Bin Li Yeqing Lu Bo Hu Xiaogang Jiang Yande Liu |
| author_sort | Nan Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Moldy core is a common disease of apples, and non-destructive, rapid and accurate detection of moldy core apples is essential to ensure food safety and reduce post-harvest economic losses. In this study, the acoustic method was used for the first time for the online detection of moldy core apples, and we explore the feasibility of integrating acoustic and visible–near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis–NIRS) technologies for precise, real-time detection of moldy core in apples. The sound and Vis–NIRS signals of apples were collected using a novel acoustic online detection device and a traditional Vis–NIRS online sorter, respectively. Based on this, traditional machine learning and deep learning classification models were developed for the prediction of healthy, mild, moderate, and severe moldy apples. The results show that the acoustic detection method significantly outperforms the Vis–NIRS method in terms of moldy apple identification accuracy, and the fusion of acoustic and Vis–NIRS data can further improve the model prediction performance. The MLP-Transformer shows the best prediction performance, with the overall classification accuracies for the fusion of Vis–NIRS, acoustic, Vis–NIRS and acoustic reached 89.66%, 96.55%, and 98.62%, respectively. This study demonstrates the excellent performance of acoustic online detection for intra-fruit lesion identification and shows the potential of the fusion of acoustics and Vis–NIRS. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4d10145e564a4a51a58ed52ffcada7a9 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj-art-4d10145e564a4a51a58ed52ffcada7a92025-08-20T03:10:54ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722025-05-011511120210.3390/agriculture15111202Fusion of Acoustic and Vis-NIRS Information for High-Accuracy Online Detection of Moldy Core in ApplesNan Chen0Xiaoyu Zhang1Zhi Liu2Tianyu Zhang3Qingrong Lai4Bin Li5Yeqing Lu6Bo Hu7Xiaogang Jiang8Yande Liu9School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 230062, ChinaSchool of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 230062, ChinaSchool of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 230062, ChinaSchool of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 230062, ChinaSchool of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 230062, ChinaSchool of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 230062, ChinaSchool of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 230062, ChinaSchool of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 230062, ChinaSchool of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 230062, ChinaSchool of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 230062, ChinaMoldy core is a common disease of apples, and non-destructive, rapid and accurate detection of moldy core apples is essential to ensure food safety and reduce post-harvest economic losses. In this study, the acoustic method was used for the first time for the online detection of moldy core apples, and we explore the feasibility of integrating acoustic and visible–near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis–NIRS) technologies for precise, real-time detection of moldy core in apples. The sound and Vis–NIRS signals of apples were collected using a novel acoustic online detection device and a traditional Vis–NIRS online sorter, respectively. Based on this, traditional machine learning and deep learning classification models were developed for the prediction of healthy, mild, moderate, and severe moldy apples. The results show that the acoustic detection method significantly outperforms the Vis–NIRS method in terms of moldy apple identification accuracy, and the fusion of acoustic and Vis–NIRS data can further improve the model prediction performance. The MLP-Transformer shows the best prediction performance, with the overall classification accuracies for the fusion of Vis–NIRS, acoustic, Vis–NIRS and acoustic reached 89.66%, 96.55%, and 98.62%, respectively. This study demonstrates the excellent performance of acoustic online detection for intra-fruit lesion identification and shows the potential of the fusion of acoustics and Vis–NIRS.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/11/1202moldy core appleacousticvis–NIRSonline detectionnondestructive testingfruit quality |
| spellingShingle | Nan Chen Xiaoyu Zhang Zhi Liu Tianyu Zhang Qingrong Lai Bin Li Yeqing Lu Bo Hu Xiaogang Jiang Yande Liu Fusion of Acoustic and Vis-NIRS Information for High-Accuracy Online Detection of Moldy Core in Apples Agriculture moldy core apple acoustic vis–NIRS online detection nondestructive testing fruit quality |
| title | Fusion of Acoustic and Vis-NIRS Information for High-Accuracy Online Detection of Moldy Core in Apples |
| title_full | Fusion of Acoustic and Vis-NIRS Information for High-Accuracy Online Detection of Moldy Core in Apples |
| title_fullStr | Fusion of Acoustic and Vis-NIRS Information for High-Accuracy Online Detection of Moldy Core in Apples |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fusion of Acoustic and Vis-NIRS Information for High-Accuracy Online Detection of Moldy Core in Apples |
| title_short | Fusion of Acoustic and Vis-NIRS Information for High-Accuracy Online Detection of Moldy Core in Apples |
| title_sort | fusion of acoustic and vis nirs information for high accuracy online detection of moldy core in apples |
| topic | moldy core apple acoustic vis–NIRS online detection nondestructive testing fruit quality |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/11/1202 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nanchen fusionofacousticandvisnirsinformationforhighaccuracyonlinedetectionofmoldycoreinapples AT xiaoyuzhang fusionofacousticandvisnirsinformationforhighaccuracyonlinedetectionofmoldycoreinapples AT zhiliu fusionofacousticandvisnirsinformationforhighaccuracyonlinedetectionofmoldycoreinapples AT tianyuzhang fusionofacousticandvisnirsinformationforhighaccuracyonlinedetectionofmoldycoreinapples AT qingronglai fusionofacousticandvisnirsinformationforhighaccuracyonlinedetectionofmoldycoreinapples AT binli fusionofacousticandvisnirsinformationforhighaccuracyonlinedetectionofmoldycoreinapples AT yeqinglu fusionofacousticandvisnirsinformationforhighaccuracyonlinedetectionofmoldycoreinapples AT bohu fusionofacousticandvisnirsinformationforhighaccuracyonlinedetectionofmoldycoreinapples AT xiaogangjiang fusionofacousticandvisnirsinformationforhighaccuracyonlinedetectionofmoldycoreinapples AT yandeliu fusionofacousticandvisnirsinformationforhighaccuracyonlinedetectionofmoldycoreinapples |