A Review of the Aetiopathogenesis and Clinical and Histopathological Features of Oral Mucosal Melanoma
Oral mucosal melanoma is an uncommon, usually heavily melanin-pigmented, but occasionally amelanotic aggressive tumour with a poor prognosis. Despite radical surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, local recurrence and distant metastasis are frequent. Microscopical examination is essential for diagn...
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| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2017-01-01
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| Series: | The Scientific World Journal |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9189812 |
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| author | Liviu Feller Razia A. G. Khammissa Johan Lemmer |
| author_facet | Liviu Feller Razia A. G. Khammissa Johan Lemmer |
| author_sort | Liviu Feller |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Oral mucosal melanoma is an uncommon, usually heavily melanin-pigmented, but occasionally amelanotic aggressive tumour with a poor prognosis. Despite radical surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, local recurrence and distant metastasis are frequent. Microscopical examination is essential for diagnosis, and routine histological staining must be supplemented by immunohistochemical studies. The aetiology is unknown, the pathogenesis is poorly understood, and the 5-year survival rate rarely exceeds 30%. In most cases, oral mucosal melanoma arises from epithelial melanocytes in the basal layer of the epithelium and less frequently from immature melanocytes arrested in the lamina propria. In both cases the melanocytes undergo malignant transformation, invade deeper tissues, and metastasize to regional lymph nodes and to distant sites. Very rarely metastasis from skin melanoma may give rise to oral mucosal melanoma that may be mistaken for primary oral mucosal melanoma. The pathogenesis of oral mucosal melanoma is complex involving multiple interactions between cytogenetic factors including dysregulation of the cKit signalling pathways, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell-to-cell interactions on the one hand and melanin itself, melanin intermediates, and local microenvironmental agents regulating melanogenesis on the other hand. The detailed mechanisms that initiate the malignant transformation of oral melanocytes and thereafter sustain and promote the process of melanomagenesis are unknown. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4d044c7c94f54af889dfa8a7f9ee63c1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2356-6140 1537-744X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2017-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Scientific World Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-4d044c7c94f54af889dfa8a7f9ee63c12025-02-03T01:31:31ZengWileyThe Scientific World Journal2356-61401537-744X2017-01-01201710.1155/2017/91898129189812A Review of the Aetiopathogenesis and Clinical and Histopathological Features of Oral Mucosal MelanomaLiviu Feller0Razia A. G. Khammissa1Johan Lemmer2Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria 0204, South AfricaDepartment of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria 0204, South AfricaDepartment of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria 0204, South AfricaOral mucosal melanoma is an uncommon, usually heavily melanin-pigmented, but occasionally amelanotic aggressive tumour with a poor prognosis. Despite radical surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, local recurrence and distant metastasis are frequent. Microscopical examination is essential for diagnosis, and routine histological staining must be supplemented by immunohistochemical studies. The aetiology is unknown, the pathogenesis is poorly understood, and the 5-year survival rate rarely exceeds 30%. In most cases, oral mucosal melanoma arises from epithelial melanocytes in the basal layer of the epithelium and less frequently from immature melanocytes arrested in the lamina propria. In both cases the melanocytes undergo malignant transformation, invade deeper tissues, and metastasize to regional lymph nodes and to distant sites. Very rarely metastasis from skin melanoma may give rise to oral mucosal melanoma that may be mistaken for primary oral mucosal melanoma. The pathogenesis of oral mucosal melanoma is complex involving multiple interactions between cytogenetic factors including dysregulation of the cKit signalling pathways, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell-to-cell interactions on the one hand and melanin itself, melanin intermediates, and local microenvironmental agents regulating melanogenesis on the other hand. The detailed mechanisms that initiate the malignant transformation of oral melanocytes and thereafter sustain and promote the process of melanomagenesis are unknown.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9189812 |
| spellingShingle | Liviu Feller Razia A. G. Khammissa Johan Lemmer A Review of the Aetiopathogenesis and Clinical and Histopathological Features of Oral Mucosal Melanoma The Scientific World Journal |
| title | A Review of the Aetiopathogenesis and Clinical and Histopathological Features of Oral Mucosal Melanoma |
| title_full | A Review of the Aetiopathogenesis and Clinical and Histopathological Features of Oral Mucosal Melanoma |
| title_fullStr | A Review of the Aetiopathogenesis and Clinical and Histopathological Features of Oral Mucosal Melanoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of the Aetiopathogenesis and Clinical and Histopathological Features of Oral Mucosal Melanoma |
| title_short | A Review of the Aetiopathogenesis and Clinical and Histopathological Features of Oral Mucosal Melanoma |
| title_sort | review of the aetiopathogenesis and clinical and histopathological features of oral mucosal melanoma |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9189812 |
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