Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway Applications
Batteries are a key element in the development of both battery-operated and hybrid trains. For this type of system, the most common anode choice is LTO (lithium titanate), as the adoption of lithium titanate instead of graphite for anodes ensures an unrivaled level of reliability, especially against...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3300 |
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| author | Luca Pugi Aljon Kociu Antonio Scardina Lorenzo Berzi Nico Tiezzi Massimo Delogu |
| author_facet | Luca Pugi Aljon Kociu Antonio Scardina Lorenzo Berzi Nico Tiezzi Massimo Delogu |
| author_sort | Luca Pugi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Batteries are a key element in the development of both battery-operated and hybrid trains. For this type of system, the most common anode choice is LTO (lithium titanate), as the adoption of lithium titanate instead of graphite for anodes ensures an unrivaled level of reliability, especially against calendar aging. LTO also ensures prolonged load-cycle lifespans. However, LTO’s known drawbacks involve its high production cost and mediocre energy density, which is mainly due to its high anodic potential compared to graphite. In this study, we perform a rapid identification of an LiNMC (lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt) cell and propose some preliminary scaled HIL (hardware in the loop) and SIL (software in the loop) testing, aiming to verify the possible usage of LiNMC cells for railway applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4c53f2911ada402c9a2d07294dc33de8 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-4c53f2911ada402c9a2d07294dc33de82025-08-20T03:17:07ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-06-011813330010.3390/en18133300Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway ApplicationsLuca Pugi0Aljon Kociu1Antonio Scardina2Lorenzo Berzi3Nico Tiezzi4Massimo Delogu5Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, ItalyBatteries are a key element in the development of both battery-operated and hybrid trains. For this type of system, the most common anode choice is LTO (lithium titanate), as the adoption of lithium titanate instead of graphite for anodes ensures an unrivaled level of reliability, especially against calendar aging. LTO also ensures prolonged load-cycle lifespans. However, LTO’s known drawbacks involve its high production cost and mediocre energy density, which is mainly due to its high anodic potential compared to graphite. In this study, we perform a rapid identification of an LiNMC (lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt) cell and propose some preliminary scaled HIL (hardware in the loop) and SIL (software in the loop) testing, aiming to verify the possible usage of LiNMC cells for railway applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3300battery-operated trainsidentification of lithium cellshardware-in-the-loop testingsoftware-in-the-loop testing |
| spellingShingle | Luca Pugi Aljon Kociu Antonio Scardina Lorenzo Berzi Nico Tiezzi Massimo Delogu Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway Applications Energies battery-operated trains identification of lithium cells hardware-in-the-loop testing software-in-the-loop testing |
| title | Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway Applications |
| title_full | Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway Applications |
| title_fullStr | Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway Applications |
| title_short | Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway Applications |
| title_sort | fast identification of linmc cells for railway applications |
| topic | battery-operated trains identification of lithium cells hardware-in-the-loop testing software-in-the-loop testing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3300 |
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