Revealing the potential of extracted Tamarindus indica seed as a biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment: Effect of solvent type, concentration, dose, and toxicity assessment
Aquaculture wastewater contains high levels of organic matter and nutrients, which can be harmful to aquatic life if discharged improperly into surface water bodies. Coagulation-flocculation is currently the best practice for treating aquaculture effluent with biocoagulants, offering an alternative...
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Results in Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025017815 |
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| author | Setyo Budi Kurniawan Azzahra Aulia Haya Thin Soedarti Eko Prasetyo Kuncoro Łukasz Sługocki Kacper Nowakowski Peer Mohamed Abdul Muhammad Fauzul Imron |
| author_facet | Setyo Budi Kurniawan Azzahra Aulia Haya Thin Soedarti Eko Prasetyo Kuncoro Łukasz Sługocki Kacper Nowakowski Peer Mohamed Abdul Muhammad Fauzul Imron |
| author_sort | Setyo Budi Kurniawan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aquaculture wastewater contains high levels of organic matter and nutrients, which can be harmful to aquatic life if discharged improperly into surface water bodies. Coagulation-flocculation is currently the best practice for treating aquaculture effluent with biocoagulants, offering an alternative to metal-based coagulants. This study aims to investigate the potential of Tamarindus indica seeds as a biocoagulant for treating aquaculture wastewater, focusing on the optimal solvent extraction, concentration, and dose. This study also examines the toxicity of biocoagulants to aquatic organisms. Coagulation-flocculation study was conducted under jar test experiment with NaCl, NaOH, and HCl used as solvents; concentration of 0-10 g/L; and doses of 1-5 % v/v under 120 rpm (rotation per minute) rapid mixing for 1 min, 20 rpm slow mixing for 20 mins, and 60 mins sedimentation time. A characterization study showed that NaCl-treated T. indica has a positive zeta potential charge, attributed to the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amide functional groups. Under this optimum condition (NaCl-extract, 6 g/L, and 4 % v/v), the biocoagulant achieved high removal (>50 %) of turbidity, TSS (total suspended solid), and ammonia and considerably good removal of other parameters (TN [total nitrogen], BOD5 [biological oxygen demand], COD [chemical oxygen demand]). The toxicity test revealed that no mortality was observed at a concentration of 1 g/L, whereas 10 g/L resulted in a 100 % mortality rate after 24 hours of exposure. Further toxicity analysis is suggested to be conducted using treated final effluent (not directly using biocoagulant substances) to observe the direct impact of the treated wastewater if discharged into the water bodies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4ba012cbb7ec40139995d19d6604e6a0 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-4ba012cbb7ec40139995d19d6604e6a02025-08-20T02:39:49ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-09-012710571010.1016/j.rineng.2025.105710Revealing the potential of extracted Tamarindus indica seed as a biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment: Effect of solvent type, concentration, dose, and toxicity assessmentSetyo Budi Kurniawan0Azzahra Aulia Haya1Thin Soedarti2Eko Prasetyo Kuncoro3Łukasz Sługocki4Kacper Nowakowski5Peer Mohamed Abdul6Muhammad Fauzul Imron7Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia; Research Center for Environment and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat 10340, IndonesiaStudy Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, IndonesiaDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, IndonesiaStudy Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, IndonesiaDepartment of Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, Szczecin 71-715, Poland; Center of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, Szczecin 71-715, PolandDepartment of Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, Szczecin 71-715, PolandDepartment of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, MalaysiaStudy Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; Sanitary Engineering Section, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, CN Delft 2628, The Netherlands; Corresponding author.Aquaculture wastewater contains high levels of organic matter and nutrients, which can be harmful to aquatic life if discharged improperly into surface water bodies. Coagulation-flocculation is currently the best practice for treating aquaculture effluent with biocoagulants, offering an alternative to metal-based coagulants. This study aims to investigate the potential of Tamarindus indica seeds as a biocoagulant for treating aquaculture wastewater, focusing on the optimal solvent extraction, concentration, and dose. This study also examines the toxicity of biocoagulants to aquatic organisms. Coagulation-flocculation study was conducted under jar test experiment with NaCl, NaOH, and HCl used as solvents; concentration of 0-10 g/L; and doses of 1-5 % v/v under 120 rpm (rotation per minute) rapid mixing for 1 min, 20 rpm slow mixing for 20 mins, and 60 mins sedimentation time. A characterization study showed that NaCl-treated T. indica has a positive zeta potential charge, attributed to the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amide functional groups. Under this optimum condition (NaCl-extract, 6 g/L, and 4 % v/v), the biocoagulant achieved high removal (>50 %) of turbidity, TSS (total suspended solid), and ammonia and considerably good removal of other parameters (TN [total nitrogen], BOD5 [biological oxygen demand], COD [chemical oxygen demand]). The toxicity test revealed that no mortality was observed at a concentration of 1 g/L, whereas 10 g/L resulted in a 100 % mortality rate after 24 hours of exposure. Further toxicity analysis is suggested to be conducted using treated final effluent (not directly using biocoagulant substances) to observe the direct impact of the treated wastewater if discharged into the water bodies.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025017815AquacultureBiocoagulantCoagulationEffluentEnvironmental pollutionFlocculation |
| spellingShingle | Setyo Budi Kurniawan Azzahra Aulia Haya Thin Soedarti Eko Prasetyo Kuncoro Łukasz Sługocki Kacper Nowakowski Peer Mohamed Abdul Muhammad Fauzul Imron Revealing the potential of extracted Tamarindus indica seed as a biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment: Effect of solvent type, concentration, dose, and toxicity assessment Results in Engineering Aquaculture Biocoagulant Coagulation Effluent Environmental pollution Flocculation |
| title | Revealing the potential of extracted Tamarindus indica seed as a biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment: Effect of solvent type, concentration, dose, and toxicity assessment |
| title_full | Revealing the potential of extracted Tamarindus indica seed as a biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment: Effect of solvent type, concentration, dose, and toxicity assessment |
| title_fullStr | Revealing the potential of extracted Tamarindus indica seed as a biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment: Effect of solvent type, concentration, dose, and toxicity assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Revealing the potential of extracted Tamarindus indica seed as a biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment: Effect of solvent type, concentration, dose, and toxicity assessment |
| title_short | Revealing the potential of extracted Tamarindus indica seed as a biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment: Effect of solvent type, concentration, dose, and toxicity assessment |
| title_sort | revealing the potential of extracted tamarindus indica seed as a biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment effect of solvent type concentration dose and toxicity assessment |
| topic | Aquaculture Biocoagulant Coagulation Effluent Environmental pollution Flocculation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025017815 |
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