Voltage and frequency regulation in wind penetrated deregulated power system using an electric vehicle and IPFC assisted model predictive controller
Abstract This paper presents a coordinated voltage and frequency control strategy for a wind-integrated deregulated dual-area power system comprising three Generation Companies (GENCOs), diesel, thermal, and wind—and three Distribution Companies (DISCOs) in each area. A Harris Hawks Optimization-bas...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16826-4 |
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| author | Vineet Kumar Vineet Kumar Ark Dev |
| author_facet | Vineet Kumar Vineet Kumar Ark Dev |
| author_sort | Vineet Kumar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This paper presents a coordinated voltage and frequency control strategy for a wind-integrated deregulated dual-area power system comprising three Generation Companies (GENCOs), diesel, thermal, and wind—and three Distribution Companies (DISCOs) in each area. A Harris Hawks Optimization-based Model Predictive Controller (MPC-HHO) is proposed to enhance system performance under three distinct market scenarios: poolco, bilateral, and contract violation modes. The proposed controller is benchmarked against conventional PID, fractional-order PIλDF, and MPC schemes optimized via Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). Simulation results show that the MPC-HHO controller achieves the lowest figure of demerit (FOD = 385.75), with up to 54.07% improvement over MPC-PSO and faster settling time under various test cases. Further, integration of Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) demonstrates significant improvement in frequency regulation, with marginal enhancements in voltage response. Robustness of the proposed approach is validated through eigenvalue analysis, sensitivity to DISCO Participation Matrix (DPM), contract violations, time-delay effects, and random load variations, confirming its applicability in complex and dynamic smart grid environments. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4b9af475a4904ab3970ca83b4e6ecb45 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-4b9af475a4904ab3970ca83b4e6ecb452025-08-24T11:26:57ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111510.1038/s41598-025-16826-4Voltage and frequency regulation in wind penetrated deregulated power system using an electric vehicle and IPFC assisted model predictive controllerVineet Kumar0Vineet Kumar1Ark Dev2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & ScienceDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT)Department of Electrical Engineering, Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology, Parul UniversityAbstract This paper presents a coordinated voltage and frequency control strategy for a wind-integrated deregulated dual-area power system comprising three Generation Companies (GENCOs), diesel, thermal, and wind—and three Distribution Companies (DISCOs) in each area. A Harris Hawks Optimization-based Model Predictive Controller (MPC-HHO) is proposed to enhance system performance under three distinct market scenarios: poolco, bilateral, and contract violation modes. The proposed controller is benchmarked against conventional PID, fractional-order PIλDF, and MPC schemes optimized via Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). Simulation results show that the MPC-HHO controller achieves the lowest figure of demerit (FOD = 385.75), with up to 54.07% improvement over MPC-PSO and faster settling time under various test cases. Further, integration of Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) demonstrates significant improvement in frequency regulation, with marginal enhancements in voltage response. Robustness of the proposed approach is validated through eigenvalue analysis, sensitivity to DISCO Participation Matrix (DPM), contract violations, time-delay effects, and random load variations, confirming its applicability in complex and dynamic smart grid environments.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16826-4Harris hawks optimization algorithmAutomatic generation controlModel predictive controllerDeregulated power system |
| spellingShingle | Vineet Kumar Vineet Kumar Ark Dev Voltage and frequency regulation in wind penetrated deregulated power system using an electric vehicle and IPFC assisted model predictive controller Scientific Reports Harris hawks optimization algorithm Automatic generation control Model predictive controller Deregulated power system |
| title | Voltage and frequency regulation in wind penetrated deregulated power system using an electric vehicle and IPFC assisted model predictive controller |
| title_full | Voltage and frequency regulation in wind penetrated deregulated power system using an electric vehicle and IPFC assisted model predictive controller |
| title_fullStr | Voltage and frequency regulation in wind penetrated deregulated power system using an electric vehicle and IPFC assisted model predictive controller |
| title_full_unstemmed | Voltage and frequency regulation in wind penetrated deregulated power system using an electric vehicle and IPFC assisted model predictive controller |
| title_short | Voltage and frequency regulation in wind penetrated deregulated power system using an electric vehicle and IPFC assisted model predictive controller |
| title_sort | voltage and frequency regulation in wind penetrated deregulated power system using an electric vehicle and ipfc assisted model predictive controller |
| topic | Harris hawks optimization algorithm Automatic generation control Model predictive controller Deregulated power system |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16826-4 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vineetkumar voltageandfrequencyregulationinwindpenetratedderegulatedpowersystemusinganelectricvehicleandipfcassistedmodelpredictivecontroller AT vineetkumar voltageandfrequencyregulationinwindpenetratedderegulatedpowersystemusinganelectricvehicleandipfcassistedmodelpredictivecontroller AT arkdev voltageandfrequencyregulationinwindpenetratedderegulatedpowersystemusinganelectricvehicleandipfcassistedmodelpredictivecontroller |