Identification of People in a Household Using Ballistocardiography Signals Through Deep Learning

Background: Various sensor technologies have been developed to monitor the health of older adults; however, most of them require attachment to the skin. This study aimed to develop a health monitoring system, using a non-adhesive, non-invasive polyvinylidene difluoride piezoelectric sensor, with the...

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Main Authors: Karin Takahashi, Yoshinobu Tanno, Hitoshi Ueno
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Sensors
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/6/1732
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author Karin Takahashi
Yoshinobu Tanno
Hitoshi Ueno
author_facet Karin Takahashi
Yoshinobu Tanno
Hitoshi Ueno
author_sort Karin Takahashi
collection DOAJ
description Background: Various sensor technologies have been developed to monitor the health of older adults; however, most of them require attachment to the skin. This study aimed to develop a health monitoring system, using a non-adhesive, non-invasive polyvinylidene difluoride piezoelectric sensor, with the patient being able to lead a normal daily life without being conscious of the sensor. The vibration signal from the human body surface obtained by the piezoelectric sensor, which is a ballistocardiography signal, contains information on the person’s heart and respiratory rates. We propose a method that enables individual identification based on the characteristics of the frequency components of the signal. Methods: Signals from ten subjects were acquired and a neural network was constructed, trained, and tested using 252 cases to identify five individuals, based on assuming the number of people in a household. Results: The classification probability and accuracy rate were obtained for all 252 cases, and good classification rates were obtained in almost all cases. Conclusions: Although it will be necessary to consider daily changes in such signals in the future, the system had good identification accuracy when five individuals were identified.
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spelling doaj-art-4b877c8e7a5243718b7b4f20fee3f01a2025-08-20T01:48:49ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-03-01256173210.3390/s25061732Identification of People in a Household Using Ballistocardiography Signals Through Deep LearningKarin Takahashi0Yoshinobu Tanno1Hitoshi Ueno2Faculty of Information Design, Tokyo Information Design Professional University, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 132-0034, JapanFaculty of Information Design, Tokyo Information Design Professional University, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 132-0034, JapanFaculty of Information Design, Tokyo Information Design Professional University, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 132-0034, JapanBackground: Various sensor technologies have been developed to monitor the health of older adults; however, most of them require attachment to the skin. This study aimed to develop a health monitoring system, using a non-adhesive, non-invasive polyvinylidene difluoride piezoelectric sensor, with the patient being able to lead a normal daily life without being conscious of the sensor. The vibration signal from the human body surface obtained by the piezoelectric sensor, which is a ballistocardiography signal, contains information on the person’s heart and respiratory rates. We propose a method that enables individual identification based on the characteristics of the frequency components of the signal. Methods: Signals from ten subjects were acquired and a neural network was constructed, trained, and tested using 252 cases to identify five individuals, based on assuming the number of people in a household. Results: The classification probability and accuracy rate were obtained for all 252 cases, and good classification rates were obtained in almost all cases. Conclusions: Although it will be necessary to consider daily changes in such signals in the future, the system had good identification accuracy when five individuals were identified.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/6/1732biological signalpersonal identificationdeep learningmonitoring systempiezoelectric sensors
spellingShingle Karin Takahashi
Yoshinobu Tanno
Hitoshi Ueno
Identification of People in a Household Using Ballistocardiography Signals Through Deep Learning
Sensors
biological signal
personal identification
deep learning
monitoring system
piezoelectric sensors
title Identification of People in a Household Using Ballistocardiography Signals Through Deep Learning
title_full Identification of People in a Household Using Ballistocardiography Signals Through Deep Learning
title_fullStr Identification of People in a Household Using Ballistocardiography Signals Through Deep Learning
title_full_unstemmed Identification of People in a Household Using Ballistocardiography Signals Through Deep Learning
title_short Identification of People in a Household Using Ballistocardiography Signals Through Deep Learning
title_sort identification of people in a household using ballistocardiography signals through deep learning
topic biological signal
personal identification
deep learning
monitoring system
piezoelectric sensors
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/6/1732
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AT yoshinobutanno identificationofpeopleinahouseholdusingballistocardiographysignalsthroughdeeplearning
AT hitoshiueno identificationofpeopleinahouseholdusingballistocardiographysignalsthroughdeeplearning