Investigating the Existence of a Cathode Electrolyte Interphase on Graphite in Dual‐Ion Batteries with LiPF6‐Based Aprotic Electrolytes and Unraveling the Origin of Capacity Fade

This study elucidates the presence of a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) at graphite positive electrodes (PEs) and assesses its impact on the performance of dual‐ion batteries, being promising candidates for cost‐efficient and sustainable stationary energy storage. Indeed, electrolyte oxidation...

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Main Authors: Lukas Haneke, Felix Pfeiffer, Katharina Rudolf, Pranti Sutar, Masoud Baghernejad, Martin Winter, Tobias Placke, Johannes Kasnatscheew
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley-VCH 2025-03-01
Series:Advanced Energy & Sustainability Research
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202400330
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author Lukas Haneke
Felix Pfeiffer
Katharina Rudolf
Pranti Sutar
Masoud Baghernejad
Martin Winter
Tobias Placke
Johannes Kasnatscheew
author_facet Lukas Haneke
Felix Pfeiffer
Katharina Rudolf
Pranti Sutar
Masoud Baghernejad
Martin Winter
Tobias Placke
Johannes Kasnatscheew
author_sort Lukas Haneke
collection DOAJ
description This study elucidates the presence of a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) at graphite positive electrodes (PEs) and assesses its impact on the performance of dual‐ion batteries, being promising candidates for cost‐efficient and sustainable stationary energy storage. Indeed, electrolyte oxidation increases during charge (5 V vs Li|Li+) for decreased C rates, that is longer duration at high state‐of‐charges (SOC) , but effective protection and evidence for CEI formation is missing as no increase in Coulombic efficiencies is observed, even with literature‐known electrolyte additives like vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, or ethylene sulfite in a highly concentrated base electrolyte (4.0 m LiPF6 in dimethyl carbonate) as reference. Via studying charged and pristine PEs by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, PF6−‐graphite intercalation compounds and cointercalated solvent molecules are identified, while indications for CEI are absent within 1000 charge/discharge cycles. Nevertheless, a high capacity retention of ≈94% (referring to 0.1C) is demonstrated. Affirmed by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the active material remains structurally stable, suggesting capacity fading to be dominated by resistance rise at the PE, likely due to an electronic contact resistance from active material grain boundaries and/or from the interface between electrode particles and the current collector in course of high volume changes; as systematically derived by impedance spectroscopy.
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spelling doaj-art-4b6ade0e42a04b1893fbd3afaf9b8efd2025-08-20T03:02:07ZengWiley-VCHAdvanced Energy & Sustainability Research2699-94122025-03-0163n/an/a10.1002/aesr.202400330Investigating the Existence of a Cathode Electrolyte Interphase on Graphite in Dual‐Ion Batteries with LiPF6‐Based Aprotic Electrolytes and Unraveling the Origin of Capacity FadeLukas Haneke0Felix Pfeiffer1Katharina Rudolf2Pranti Sutar3Masoud Baghernejad4Martin Winter5Tobias Placke6Johannes Kasnatscheew7MEET Battery Research Center Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstraße 46 48149 Münster GermanyHelmholtz Institute Münster IEK‐12 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Corrensstraße 46 48149 Münster GermanyMEET Battery Research Center Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstraße 46 48149 Münster GermanyMEET Battery Research Center Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstraße 46 48149 Münster GermanyHelmholtz Institute Münster IEK‐12 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Corrensstraße 46 48149 Münster GermanyMEET Battery Research Center Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstraße 46 48149 Münster GermanyMEET Battery Research Center Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstraße 46 48149 Münster GermanyMEET Battery Research Center Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstraße 46 48149 Münster GermanyThis study elucidates the presence of a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) at graphite positive electrodes (PEs) and assesses its impact on the performance of dual‐ion batteries, being promising candidates for cost‐efficient and sustainable stationary energy storage. Indeed, electrolyte oxidation increases during charge (5 V vs Li|Li+) for decreased C rates, that is longer duration at high state‐of‐charges (SOC) , but effective protection and evidence for CEI formation is missing as no increase in Coulombic efficiencies is observed, even with literature‐known electrolyte additives like vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, or ethylene sulfite in a highly concentrated base electrolyte (4.0 m LiPF6 in dimethyl carbonate) as reference. Via studying charged and pristine PEs by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, PF6−‐graphite intercalation compounds and cointercalated solvent molecules are identified, while indications for CEI are absent within 1000 charge/discharge cycles. Nevertheless, a high capacity retention of ≈94% (referring to 0.1C) is demonstrated. Affirmed by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the active material remains structurally stable, suggesting capacity fading to be dominated by resistance rise at the PE, likely due to an electronic contact resistance from active material grain boundaries and/or from the interface between electrode particles and the current collector in course of high volume changes; as systematically derived by impedance spectroscopy.https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202400330composite network resistanceselectrolyte oxidationelectronic versus ionic resistance risesgraphitic dual‐ion batteriessurface decomposition products
spellingShingle Lukas Haneke
Felix Pfeiffer
Katharina Rudolf
Pranti Sutar
Masoud Baghernejad
Martin Winter
Tobias Placke
Johannes Kasnatscheew
Investigating the Existence of a Cathode Electrolyte Interphase on Graphite in Dual‐Ion Batteries with LiPF6‐Based Aprotic Electrolytes and Unraveling the Origin of Capacity Fade
Advanced Energy & Sustainability Research
composite network resistances
electrolyte oxidation
electronic versus ionic resistance rises
graphitic dual‐ion batteries
surface decomposition products
title Investigating the Existence of a Cathode Electrolyte Interphase on Graphite in Dual‐Ion Batteries with LiPF6‐Based Aprotic Electrolytes and Unraveling the Origin of Capacity Fade
title_full Investigating the Existence of a Cathode Electrolyte Interphase on Graphite in Dual‐Ion Batteries with LiPF6‐Based Aprotic Electrolytes and Unraveling the Origin of Capacity Fade
title_fullStr Investigating the Existence of a Cathode Electrolyte Interphase on Graphite in Dual‐Ion Batteries with LiPF6‐Based Aprotic Electrolytes and Unraveling the Origin of Capacity Fade
title_full_unstemmed Investigating the Existence of a Cathode Electrolyte Interphase on Graphite in Dual‐Ion Batteries with LiPF6‐Based Aprotic Electrolytes and Unraveling the Origin of Capacity Fade
title_short Investigating the Existence of a Cathode Electrolyte Interphase on Graphite in Dual‐Ion Batteries with LiPF6‐Based Aprotic Electrolytes and Unraveling the Origin of Capacity Fade
title_sort investigating the existence of a cathode electrolyte interphase on graphite in dual ion batteries with lipf6 based aprotic electrolytes and unraveling the origin of capacity fade
topic composite network resistances
electrolyte oxidation
electronic versus ionic resistance rises
graphitic dual‐ion batteries
surface decomposition products
url https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202400330
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