Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, China: A Principal Component Analysis–Positive Matrix Factorization Method
The increase in the concentration of potentially toxic elements in farmland soil attracts more and more attention. To identify the sources of potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils, 148 soil samples in Yingtan were selected as a case study, potentially toxic elements levels were analyzed,...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Toxics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/4/267 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850180042771922944 |
|---|---|
| author | Shaoting Chen Hongmei Wang Ruiming Han |
| author_facet | Shaoting Chen Hongmei Wang Ruiming Han |
| author_sort | Shaoting Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The increase in the concentration of potentially toxic elements in farmland soil attracts more and more attention. To identify the sources of potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils, 148 soil samples in Yingtan were selected as a case study, potentially toxic elements levels were analyzed, and principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were employed. The results indicate that the average of Zn (89.62 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> d.w.), Cu (76.30 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> d.w.), Pb (35.56 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> d.w.), Mo (0.66 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> d.w.), and Cd (0.59 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> d.w.) exceed the corresponding soil background values of Jiangxi Province. Moreover, the high spatial coefficient of variation (above 1.00) for these elements suggests a significant influence from long-term external inputs. Among all of the elements above, the soil Cu and Cd concentrations indicate a relatively high pollution ranked by <i>Igeo</i>. Further analysis of sources apportioned by PCA and PMF implies that the potentially toxic elements input into agricultural soil may be attributed to mining activity, natural sources, smelting, and agricultural activity. This study implies that PCA-PMF combined with the field survey may be helpful tools for discerning the pollutants<sup>’</sup> sources, and it addresses a view that the increasing Cu and Cd levels in farmland is concerning, as it is associated with the historical use of mixed fertilizers and a lack of supervision. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4af7cf99f5cd4b02b9e86d3de79e2e32 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj-art-4af7cf99f5cd4b02b9e86d3de79e2e322025-08-20T02:18:20ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042025-03-0113426710.3390/toxics13040267Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, China: A Principal Component Analysis–Positive Matrix Factorization MethodShaoting Chen0Hongmei Wang1Ruiming Han2Institute of Water Ecology and Environment Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaInstitute of Water Ecology and Environment Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaSchool of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaThe increase in the concentration of potentially toxic elements in farmland soil attracts more and more attention. To identify the sources of potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils, 148 soil samples in Yingtan were selected as a case study, potentially toxic elements levels were analyzed, and principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were employed. The results indicate that the average of Zn (89.62 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> d.w.), Cu (76.30 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> d.w.), Pb (35.56 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> d.w.), Mo (0.66 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> d.w.), and Cd (0.59 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> d.w.) exceed the corresponding soil background values of Jiangxi Province. Moreover, the high spatial coefficient of variation (above 1.00) for these elements suggests a significant influence from long-term external inputs. Among all of the elements above, the soil Cu and Cd concentrations indicate a relatively high pollution ranked by <i>Igeo</i>. Further analysis of sources apportioned by PCA and PMF implies that the potentially toxic elements input into agricultural soil may be attributed to mining activity, natural sources, smelting, and agricultural activity. This study implies that PCA-PMF combined with the field survey may be helpful tools for discerning the pollutants<sup>’</sup> sources, and it addresses a view that the increasing Cu and Cd levels in farmland is concerning, as it is associated with the historical use of mixed fertilizers and a lack of supervision.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/4/267agricultural soilpotentially toxic elements (PTEs)principal component analysis (PCA)positive matrix factorization (PMF) |
| spellingShingle | Shaoting Chen Hongmei Wang Ruiming Han Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, China: A Principal Component Analysis–Positive Matrix Factorization Method Toxics agricultural soil potentially toxic elements (PTEs) principal component analysis (PCA) positive matrix factorization (PMF) |
| title | Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, China: A Principal Component Analysis–Positive Matrix Factorization Method |
| title_full | Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, China: A Principal Component Analysis–Positive Matrix Factorization Method |
| title_fullStr | Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, China: A Principal Component Analysis–Positive Matrix Factorization Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, China: A Principal Component Analysis–Positive Matrix Factorization Method |
| title_short | Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, China: A Principal Component Analysis–Positive Matrix Factorization Method |
| title_sort | source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils of yingtan city jiangxi province china a principal component analysis positive matrix factorization method |
| topic | agricultural soil potentially toxic elements (PTEs) principal component analysis (PCA) positive matrix factorization (PMF) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/4/267 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shaotingchen sourceapportionmentofpotentiallytoxicelementsinagriculturalsoilsofyingtancityjiangxiprovincechinaaprincipalcomponentanalysispositivematrixfactorizationmethod AT hongmeiwang sourceapportionmentofpotentiallytoxicelementsinagriculturalsoilsofyingtancityjiangxiprovincechinaaprincipalcomponentanalysispositivematrixfactorizationmethod AT ruiminghan sourceapportionmentofpotentiallytoxicelementsinagriculturalsoilsofyingtancityjiangxiprovincechinaaprincipalcomponentanalysispositivematrixfactorizationmethod |