Molecular “Yin-Yang” Machinery of Synthesis of the Second and Third Fullerene C<sub>60</sub> Derivatives
To overcome the negative effects of the biochemical application of nano-substances in medicine (toxicity problem), using the example of fullerene C<sub>60</sub>’s first derivative (fullerenol, FD-C<sub>60</sub>), we show that their biophysical effect is possible through non-c...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-06-01
|
| Series: | Micromachines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/7/770 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Summary: | To overcome the negative effects of the biochemical application of nano-substances in medicine (toxicity problem), using the example of fullerene C<sub>60</sub>’s first derivative (fullerenol, FD-C<sub>60</sub>), we show that their biophysical effect is possible through non-covalent hydrogen bonds when around FD-C<sub>60</sub> water layers are formed. SD-C<sub>60</sub> (Zeta potential is −43.29 mV) is much more stable than fullerol (Zeta potential is −25.85 mV), so agglomeration/fragmentation of the fullerol structure, due to instability, can cause toxic effects. When fullerol in solution was exposed to an oscillatory magnetic field with <i>Re</i> (real) part [250/−92 mT, H(<i>ωt</i>) = <i>Acos</i>(ωt)], water layers around FD-C<sub>60</sub> (fullerenol) are formed according to the Penrose process of 3D tiling formation, and the second derivative, SD-C<sub>60</sub> (or 3HFWC), is self-organized. However, when <i>Im</i> (imaginary) part [250/−92 mT, H(<i>ωt</i>) = <i>Bisin</i> (ωt)] of the external magnetic field is applied in addition to SD-C<sub>60</sub>, ordered water chains and bubbling of water (“micelle”) are formed as a third derivative (TD-C<sub>60</sub>). Fullerol (FD-C<sub>60</sub>) interacts with biological structures biochemically, while the second (SD-C<sub>60</sub>) and third (TD-C<sub>60</sub>) derivatives act biophysically via non-covalent hydrogen bond oscillation. SD-C<sub>60</sub> and TD-C<sub>60</sub> significantly increased water solubility and reduced toxicity. The paper explains the synthesis of SD-C60 and TD-C60 from FD-C60 (fullerol) as a precursor by the influence of an oscillatory magnetic field (“Yin-Yang” principle) on hydrogen bonds in order to create water layers around fullerol. Examples of biomedical applications (cancer and Alzheimer’s) of this synergetic complex are given. This study shows that the “Yin-Yang” machinery, based on the nanophysics of C<sub>60</sub> molecules and non-covalent hydrogen bonds, is possible. The first attempt has been composed to synthesize nanomaterial for biophysical vibrational nanomedicine. |
|---|---|
| ISSN: | 2072-666X |