Self-harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients who committed violent offences: an exploratory study on the role of circumstances during the index offence and victim characteristics
Abstract Background Self-harming behaviors are common among forensic patients with violent index offenses. While various factors, including feelings of shame and guilt, may influence self-harming behaviors, little is known about how the circumstances surrounding the index offense and the victims’ ch...
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BMC
2025-04-01
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| Series: | BMC Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06877-2 |
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| author | Mark Mohan Kaggwa Arianna Davids Heather Moulden Gary Andrew Chaimowitz Parwiz Mohibi Bailea Erb Andrew Toyin Olagunju |
| author_facet | Mark Mohan Kaggwa Arianna Davids Heather Moulden Gary Andrew Chaimowitz Parwiz Mohibi Bailea Erb Andrew Toyin Olagunju |
| author_sort | Mark Mohan Kaggwa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Self-harming behaviors are common among forensic patients with violent index offenses. While various factors, including feelings of shame and guilt, may influence self-harming behaviors, little is known about how the circumstances surrounding the index offense and the victims’ characteristics affect self-harming tendencies among forensic patients. In this study, we examined the association of the circumstances surrounding the index offence and victim characteristics with self-harming behaviors among forensic patients who have committed violent offences. Methods The present study consisted of 845 forensic psychiatric patients under the Ontario Review Board who had violent offences (Mean age = 42.13 ± 13.29; 85.68% male) in the reporting year 2014/15. The study examined the association between self-harming incidents with the circumstances during the index offense and victims’ characteristics while controlling for clinical and demographic factors based on multiple hierarchical negative binominal regression. Results The prevalence of self-harm was 4.14%, and more than half (61.29%) of the patients with self-harming behaviors had multiple incidents. The total number of self-harming incidences recorded in the reporting year was 113. The results showed that of the overall 24.05% explained by the models, the victim’s characteristics contributed approximately 5% points, and circumstances during the index offence contributed an additional 2% points in explaining self-harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients during the reporting year. In the final model, the risk of self-harm increased with having a victim who was a healthcare/support staff or a co-patient/cohabitant. Conclusion Self-harm among forensic patients who committed violent offences is associated with various factors, including previous history of self-harm and the victim’s characteristics, especially when the victim was a healthcare/support worker or co-patient. These findings suggest that self-harm might be a maladaptive way of coping with negative emotions, such as feelings of guilt and shame triggered by harming others. Mitigating measures for self-harm among patients with violent offences need to be robust and individualized, taking into consideration vulnerability issues and the best available evidence. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4abbd2d76d3641da847f4cb275ae3ac3 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1471-244X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-4abbd2d76d3641da847f4cb275ae3ac32025-08-20T01:47:32ZengBMCBMC Psychiatry1471-244X2025-04-0125111010.1186/s12888-025-06877-2Self-harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients who committed violent offences: an exploratory study on the role of circumstances during the index offence and victim characteristicsMark Mohan Kaggwa0Arianna Davids1Heather Moulden2Gary Andrew Chaimowitz3Parwiz Mohibi4Bailea Erb5Andrew Toyin Olagunju6Forensic Psychiatry Program, St Joseph’s Healthcare HamiltonMichael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster UniversityForensic Psychiatry Program, St Joseph’s Healthcare HamiltonForensic Psychiatry Program, St Joseph’s Healthcare HamiltonForensic Psychiatry Program, St Joseph’s Healthcare HamiltonDepartment of Psychology, University of WaterlooForensic Psychiatry Program, St Joseph’s Healthcare HamiltonAbstract Background Self-harming behaviors are common among forensic patients with violent index offenses. While various factors, including feelings of shame and guilt, may influence self-harming behaviors, little is known about how the circumstances surrounding the index offense and the victims’ characteristics affect self-harming tendencies among forensic patients. In this study, we examined the association of the circumstances surrounding the index offence and victim characteristics with self-harming behaviors among forensic patients who have committed violent offences. Methods The present study consisted of 845 forensic psychiatric patients under the Ontario Review Board who had violent offences (Mean age = 42.13 ± 13.29; 85.68% male) in the reporting year 2014/15. The study examined the association between self-harming incidents with the circumstances during the index offense and victims’ characteristics while controlling for clinical and demographic factors based on multiple hierarchical negative binominal regression. Results The prevalence of self-harm was 4.14%, and more than half (61.29%) of the patients with self-harming behaviors had multiple incidents. The total number of self-harming incidences recorded in the reporting year was 113. The results showed that of the overall 24.05% explained by the models, the victim’s characteristics contributed approximately 5% points, and circumstances during the index offence contributed an additional 2% points in explaining self-harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients during the reporting year. In the final model, the risk of self-harm increased with having a victim who was a healthcare/support staff or a co-patient/cohabitant. Conclusion Self-harm among forensic patients who committed violent offences is associated with various factors, including previous history of self-harm and the victim’s characteristics, especially when the victim was a healthcare/support worker or co-patient. These findings suggest that self-harm might be a maladaptive way of coping with negative emotions, such as feelings of guilt and shame triggered by harming others. Mitigating measures for self-harm among patients with violent offences need to be robust and individualized, taking into consideration vulnerability issues and the best available evidence.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06877-2ForensicGuiltNegative emotionsSelf-harming behaviorsShameSuicidal behaviors |
| spellingShingle | Mark Mohan Kaggwa Arianna Davids Heather Moulden Gary Andrew Chaimowitz Parwiz Mohibi Bailea Erb Andrew Toyin Olagunju Self-harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients who committed violent offences: an exploratory study on the role of circumstances during the index offence and victim characteristics BMC Psychiatry Forensic Guilt Negative emotions Self-harming behaviors Shame Suicidal behaviors |
| title | Self-harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients who committed violent offences: an exploratory study on the role of circumstances during the index offence and victim characteristics |
| title_full | Self-harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients who committed violent offences: an exploratory study on the role of circumstances during the index offence and victim characteristics |
| title_fullStr | Self-harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients who committed violent offences: an exploratory study on the role of circumstances during the index offence and victim characteristics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Self-harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients who committed violent offences: an exploratory study on the role of circumstances during the index offence and victim characteristics |
| title_short | Self-harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients who committed violent offences: an exploratory study on the role of circumstances during the index offence and victim characteristics |
| title_sort | self harming behaviors among forensic psychiatric patients who committed violent offences an exploratory study on the role of circumstances during the index offence and victim characteristics |
| topic | Forensic Guilt Negative emotions Self-harming behaviors Shame Suicidal behaviors |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06877-2 |
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