Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders?
Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in patho...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2018-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Immunology Research |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8917804 |
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| author | Luca Parisi Elisabetta Gini Denisa Baci Marco Tremolati Matteo Fanuli Barbara Bassani Giampietro Farronato Antonino Bruno Lorenzo Mortara |
| author_facet | Luca Parisi Elisabetta Gini Denisa Baci Marco Tremolati Matteo Fanuli Barbara Bassani Giampietro Farronato Antonino Bruno Lorenzo Mortara |
| author_sort | Luca Parisi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in “distant” pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4aa5d6fe0a0b48759430aa64d1ec81d9 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2314-8861 2314-7156 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2018-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Immunology Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-4aa5d6fe0a0b48759430aa64d1ec81d92025-08-20T02:38:05ZengWileyJournal of Immunology Research2314-88612314-71562018-01-01201810.1155/2018/89178048917804Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders?Luca Parisi0Elisabetta Gini1Denisa Baci2Marco Tremolati3Matteo Fanuli4Barbara Bassani5Giampietro Farronato6Antonino Bruno7Lorenzo Mortara8Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyImmunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, ItalyScientific and Technologic Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyImmunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyScientific and Technologic Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, ItalyImmunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, ItalyMacrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in “distant” pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8917804 |
| spellingShingle | Luca Parisi Elisabetta Gini Denisa Baci Marco Tremolati Matteo Fanuli Barbara Bassani Giampietro Farronato Antonino Bruno Lorenzo Mortara Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? Journal of Immunology Research |
| title | Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? |
| title_full | Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? |
| title_fullStr | Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? |
| title_short | Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? |
| title_sort | macrophage polarization in chronic inflammatory diseases killers or builders |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8917804 |
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