<i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund: Distribution, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance
The global incidence of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund has risen in recent years. This serotype has been isolated from poultry, retail meat, and other food products, leading to multiple outbreaks. Alongside the increase in infections, there are growing concerns about t...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Monique A. Felix Jing Han Bijay K. Khajanchi Yasser M. Sanad Shaohua Zhao Steven L. Foley |
| author_facet | Monique A. Felix Jing Han Bijay K. Khajanchi Yasser M. Sanad Shaohua Zhao Steven L. Foley |
| author_sort | Monique A. Felix |
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| description | The global incidence of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund has risen in recent years. This serotype has been isolated from poultry, retail meat, and other food products, leading to multiple outbreaks. Alongside the increase in infections, there are growing concerns about the increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among <i>S.</i> Schwarzengrund strains. This study aims to better understand the genetic factors possibly contributing to the rising prevalence of <i>S.</i> Schwarzengrund by analyzing the sequences of 2058 isolates from both human patients (N = 313) and food- and animal-associated sources, including chicken (N = 1145), turkey (N = 300), pork (N = 132), and other sources (N = 168). Data were obtained from GenBank and analyzed for AMR genes using AMRFinder. Additionally, putative virulence genes and plasmid transfer genes were assessed using the Virulence and AMR Plasmid Transfer Factor Database. AMR genes were found in 1269 (61.7%) of the isolates, with a total of 2478 AMR genes among the isolates, the most common being <i>aph(3″)-Ib</i> (N = 969, 47.1%), <i>tet(A</i>) (N = 190, 9.2%), and <i>sul2</i> (N = 150, 7.3%), which are responsible for resistance to aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide, respectively. Additionally, 1060 (51.5%) isolates carried multiple plasmid transfer genes associated with IncFIB-FIC(FII) plasmids. Other plasmid types found in at least 1% of the strains included IncI1 (N = 101, 4.9%), IncHI2 (N = 62, 3.0%), or IncHI1 (N = 24, 1.2%). The virulence gene profiles of human isolates showed diversity but largely overlapped with those from different food sources. Notably, the aerobactin iron acquisition genes, associated with <i>Salmonella</i>’s virulence and colonization, were highly prevalent among chicken isolates (N = 1019, 89.0%) but less frequent in isolates from other sources (N = 65, 7.2%). IncFIB-FIC(FII) plasmids, commonly harboring the aerobactin operon, were highly prevalent among chicken-related isolates and present in about 10% of human isolates. The diverse plasmid, AMR, and virulence gene profiles in human-associated isolates suggest that multiple factors may contribute to the increased virulence in <i>S.</i> Schwarzengrund. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| spelling | doaj-art-4a7ac28f6ccd428d8353c0e628704c512025-01-24T13:42:37ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-01-011319210.3390/microorganisms13010092<i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund: Distribution, Virulence, and Antimicrobial ResistanceMonique A. Felix0Jing Han1Bijay K. Khajanchi2Yasser M. Sanad3Shaohua Zhao4Steven L. Foley5Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USADivision of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USADivision of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USADivision of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USAOffice of Applied Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USADivision of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USAThe global incidence of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund has risen in recent years. This serotype has been isolated from poultry, retail meat, and other food products, leading to multiple outbreaks. Alongside the increase in infections, there are growing concerns about the increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among <i>S.</i> Schwarzengrund strains. This study aims to better understand the genetic factors possibly contributing to the rising prevalence of <i>S.</i> Schwarzengrund by analyzing the sequences of 2058 isolates from both human patients (N = 313) and food- and animal-associated sources, including chicken (N = 1145), turkey (N = 300), pork (N = 132), and other sources (N = 168). Data were obtained from GenBank and analyzed for AMR genes using AMRFinder. Additionally, putative virulence genes and plasmid transfer genes were assessed using the Virulence and AMR Plasmid Transfer Factor Database. AMR genes were found in 1269 (61.7%) of the isolates, with a total of 2478 AMR genes among the isolates, the most common being <i>aph(3″)-Ib</i> (N = 969, 47.1%), <i>tet(A</i>) (N = 190, 9.2%), and <i>sul2</i> (N = 150, 7.3%), which are responsible for resistance to aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide, respectively. Additionally, 1060 (51.5%) isolates carried multiple plasmid transfer genes associated with IncFIB-FIC(FII) plasmids. Other plasmid types found in at least 1% of the strains included IncI1 (N = 101, 4.9%), IncHI2 (N = 62, 3.0%), or IncHI1 (N = 24, 1.2%). The virulence gene profiles of human isolates showed diversity but largely overlapped with those from different food sources. Notably, the aerobactin iron acquisition genes, associated with <i>Salmonella</i>’s virulence and colonization, were highly prevalent among chicken isolates (N = 1019, 89.0%) but less frequent in isolates from other sources (N = 65, 7.2%). IncFIB-FIC(FII) plasmids, commonly harboring the aerobactin operon, were highly prevalent among chicken-related isolates and present in about 10% of human isolates. The diverse plasmid, AMR, and virulence gene profiles in human-associated isolates suggest that multiple factors may contribute to the increased virulence in <i>S.</i> Schwarzengrund.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/92IncFIB-IncFIC(FII) plasmidsgenotypic analysesvirulence databaseplasmid transfer genesphylogenetics |
| spellingShingle | Monique A. Felix Jing Han Bijay K. Khajanchi Yasser M. Sanad Shaohua Zhao Steven L. Foley <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund: Distribution, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance Microorganisms IncFIB-IncFIC(FII) plasmids genotypic analyses virulence database plasmid transfer genes phylogenetics |
| title | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund: Distribution, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance |
| title_full | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund: Distribution, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance |
| title_fullStr | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund: Distribution, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund: Distribution, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance |
| title_short | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Schwarzengrund: Distribution, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance |
| title_sort | i salmonella enterica i serovar schwarzengrund distribution virulence and antimicrobial resistance |
| topic | IncFIB-IncFIC(FII) plasmids genotypic analyses virulence database plasmid transfer genes phylogenetics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/92 |
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