Sparse support path generation for multi-axis curved layer fused filament fabrication

In recent years, multi-axis fused filament fabrication has emerged as a solution to address the limitations of the conventional 2.5D printing process. By using a curved layering strategy and varying the print direction, the final parts can be printed with reduced support structures, enhanced surface...

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Main Authors: Tak Yu Lau, Dong He, Yamin Li, Yihe Wang, Danjie Bi, Lulu Huang, Pengcheng Hu, Kai Tang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-08-01
Series:Graphical Models
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S152407032500027X
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author Tak Yu Lau
Dong He
Yamin Li
Yihe Wang
Danjie Bi
Lulu Huang
Pengcheng Hu
Kai Tang
author_facet Tak Yu Lau
Dong He
Yamin Li
Yihe Wang
Danjie Bi
Lulu Huang
Pengcheng Hu
Kai Tang
author_sort Tak Yu Lau
collection DOAJ
description In recent years, multi-axis fused filament fabrication has emerged as a solution to address the limitations of the conventional 2.5D printing process. By using a curved layering strategy and varying the print direction, the final parts can be printed with reduced support structures, enhanced surface quality, and improved mechanical properties. However, support structures in the multi-axis scheme are still needed sometimes when the support-free requirement conflicts with other constraints. Currently, most support generation algorithms are for the conventional 2.5D printing, which are not applicable to multi-axis printing. To address this issue, we propose a sparse and curved support filling pattern for multi-axis printing, aiming at enhancing the material efficiency by fully utilizing the bridge technique. Firstly, the overhang regions are detected by identifying the overhang points given a multi-axis nozzle path. Then, an optimization framework for the support guide curve is proposed to minimize its total length while ensuring that overhang filaments can be stably supported. Lastly, the support layer slices and support segments that satisfy the self-supported criterion are generated for the final support printing paths. Simulation and experiments have been performed to validate the proposed methodology.
format Article
id doaj-art-4a6f27cb4b2e4d5ca7181ad384f6ab07
institution DOAJ
issn 1524-0703
language English
publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher Elsevier
record_format Article
series Graphical Models
spelling doaj-art-4a6f27cb4b2e4d5ca7181ad384f6ab072025-08-20T03:09:25ZengElsevierGraphical Models1524-07032025-08-0114010128010.1016/j.gmod.2025.101280Sparse support path generation for multi-axis curved layer fused filament fabricationTak Yu Lau0Dong He1Yamin Li2Yihe Wang3Danjie Bi4Lulu Huang5Pengcheng Hu6Kai Tang7Thrust of Smart Manufacturing, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, ChinaState IJR Center of Aerospace Design and Additive Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, ChinaThrust of Smart Manufacturing, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, ChinaThrust of Smart Manufacturing, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, ChinaThrust of Smart Manufacturing, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, ChinaThrust of Smart Manufacturing, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, ChinaThrust of Smart Manufacturing, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Corresponding author.In recent years, multi-axis fused filament fabrication has emerged as a solution to address the limitations of the conventional 2.5D printing process. By using a curved layering strategy and varying the print direction, the final parts can be printed with reduced support structures, enhanced surface quality, and improved mechanical properties. However, support structures in the multi-axis scheme are still needed sometimes when the support-free requirement conflicts with other constraints. Currently, most support generation algorithms are for the conventional 2.5D printing, which are not applicable to multi-axis printing. To address this issue, we propose a sparse and curved support filling pattern for multi-axis printing, aiming at enhancing the material efficiency by fully utilizing the bridge technique. Firstly, the overhang regions are detected by identifying the overhang points given a multi-axis nozzle path. Then, an optimization framework for the support guide curve is proposed to minimize its total length while ensuring that overhang filaments can be stably supported. Lastly, the support layer slices and support segments that satisfy the self-supported criterion are generated for the final support printing paths. Simulation and experiments have been performed to validate the proposed methodology.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S152407032500027XMulti-axis fused filament fabricationSupport structureOverhang regionBridge techniqueOptimization
spellingShingle Tak Yu Lau
Dong He
Yamin Li
Yihe Wang
Danjie Bi
Lulu Huang
Pengcheng Hu
Kai Tang
Sparse support path generation for multi-axis curved layer fused filament fabrication
Graphical Models
Multi-axis fused filament fabrication
Support structure
Overhang region
Bridge technique
Optimization
title Sparse support path generation for multi-axis curved layer fused filament fabrication
title_full Sparse support path generation for multi-axis curved layer fused filament fabrication
title_fullStr Sparse support path generation for multi-axis curved layer fused filament fabrication
title_full_unstemmed Sparse support path generation for multi-axis curved layer fused filament fabrication
title_short Sparse support path generation for multi-axis curved layer fused filament fabrication
title_sort sparse support path generation for multi axis curved layer fused filament fabrication
topic Multi-axis fused filament fabrication
Support structure
Overhang region
Bridge technique
Optimization
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S152407032500027X
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AT donghe sparsesupportpathgenerationformultiaxiscurvedlayerfusedfilamentfabrication
AT yaminli sparsesupportpathgenerationformultiaxiscurvedlayerfusedfilamentfabrication
AT yihewang sparsesupportpathgenerationformultiaxiscurvedlayerfusedfilamentfabrication
AT danjiebi sparsesupportpathgenerationformultiaxiscurvedlayerfusedfilamentfabrication
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