Streamlining cVEP Paradigms: Effects of a Minimized Electrode Montage on Brain–Computer Interface Performance
(1) Background: Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) enable direct communication between the brain and external devices using electroencephalography (EEG) signals, offering potential applications in assistive technology and neurorehabilitation. Code-modulated visual evoked potential (cVEP)-based BCIs em...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| author | Milán András Fodor Atilla Cantürk Gernot Heisenberg Ivan Volosyak |
| author_facet | Milán András Fodor Atilla Cantürk Gernot Heisenberg Ivan Volosyak |
| author_sort | Milán András Fodor |
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| description | (1) Background: Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) enable direct communication between the brain and external devices using electroencephalography (EEG) signals, offering potential applications in assistive technology and neurorehabilitation. Code-modulated visual evoked potential (cVEP)-based BCIs employ code-pattern-based stimulation to evoke neural responses, which can then be classified to infer user intent. While increasing the number of EEG electrodes across the visual cortex enhances classification accuracy, it simultaneously reduces user comfort and increases setup complexity, duration, and hardware costs. (2) Methods: This online BCI study, involving thirty-eight able-bodied participants, investigated how reducing the electrode count from 16 to 6 affected performance. Three experimental conditions were tested: a baseline 16-electrode configuration, a reduced 6-electrode setup without retraining, and a reduced 6-electrode setup with retraining. (3) Results: Our results indicate that, on average, performance declines with fewer electrodes; nonetheless, retraining restored near-baseline mean Information Transfer Rate (ITR) and accuracy for those participants for whom the system remained functional. The results reveal that for a substantial number of participants, the classification pipeline fails after electrode removal, highlighting individual differences in the cVEP response characteristics or inherent limitations of the classification approach. (4) Conclusions: Ultimately, this suggests that minimal cVEP-BCI electrode setups capable of reliably functioning across all users might only be feasible through other, more flexible classification methods that can account for individual differences. These findings aim to serve as a guideline for what is currently achievable with this common cVEP paradigm and to highlight where future research should focus in order to move closer to a practical and user-friendly system. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4a6efe2595e24db19e9e14009206975d |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-4a6efe2595e24db19e9e14009206975d2025-08-20T02:24:33ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252025-05-0115654910.3390/brainsci15060549Streamlining cVEP Paradigms: Effects of a Minimized Electrode Montage on Brain–Computer Interface PerformanceMilán András Fodor0Atilla Cantürk1Gernot Heisenberg2Ivan Volosyak3Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, 47533 Kleve, GermanyFaculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, 47533 Kleve, GermanyInstitute of Information Science, Technical University of Applied Sciences Cologne, 50678 Cologne, GermanyFaculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, 47533 Kleve, Germany(1) Background: Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) enable direct communication between the brain and external devices using electroencephalography (EEG) signals, offering potential applications in assistive technology and neurorehabilitation. Code-modulated visual evoked potential (cVEP)-based BCIs employ code-pattern-based stimulation to evoke neural responses, which can then be classified to infer user intent. While increasing the number of EEG electrodes across the visual cortex enhances classification accuracy, it simultaneously reduces user comfort and increases setup complexity, duration, and hardware costs. (2) Methods: This online BCI study, involving thirty-eight able-bodied participants, investigated how reducing the electrode count from 16 to 6 affected performance. Three experimental conditions were tested: a baseline 16-electrode configuration, a reduced 6-electrode setup without retraining, and a reduced 6-electrode setup with retraining. (3) Results: Our results indicate that, on average, performance declines with fewer electrodes; nonetheless, retraining restored near-baseline mean Information Transfer Rate (ITR) and accuracy for those participants for whom the system remained functional. The results reveal that for a substantial number of participants, the classification pipeline fails after electrode removal, highlighting individual differences in the cVEP response characteristics or inherent limitations of the classification approach. (4) Conclusions: Ultimately, this suggests that minimal cVEP-BCI electrode setups capable of reliably functioning across all users might only be feasible through other, more flexible classification methods that can account for individual differences. These findings aim to serve as a guideline for what is currently achievable with this common cVEP paradigm and to highlight where future research should focus in order to move closer to a practical and user-friendly system.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/6/549brain–computer interface (BCI)BCI spellercode-modulated visual evoked potential (cVEP)EEG-based BCIvisual evoked potential (VEP)electrode reduction |
| spellingShingle | Milán András Fodor Atilla Cantürk Gernot Heisenberg Ivan Volosyak Streamlining cVEP Paradigms: Effects of a Minimized Electrode Montage on Brain–Computer Interface Performance Brain Sciences brain–computer interface (BCI) BCI speller code-modulated visual evoked potential (cVEP) EEG-based BCI visual evoked potential (VEP) electrode reduction |
| title | Streamlining cVEP Paradigms: Effects of a Minimized Electrode Montage on Brain–Computer Interface Performance |
| title_full | Streamlining cVEP Paradigms: Effects of a Minimized Electrode Montage on Brain–Computer Interface Performance |
| title_fullStr | Streamlining cVEP Paradigms: Effects of a Minimized Electrode Montage on Brain–Computer Interface Performance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Streamlining cVEP Paradigms: Effects of a Minimized Electrode Montage on Brain–Computer Interface Performance |
| title_short | Streamlining cVEP Paradigms: Effects of a Minimized Electrode Montage on Brain–Computer Interface Performance |
| title_sort | streamlining cvep paradigms effects of a minimized electrode montage on brain computer interface performance |
| topic | brain–computer interface (BCI) BCI speller code-modulated visual evoked potential (cVEP) EEG-based BCI visual evoked potential (VEP) electrode reduction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/6/549 |
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