Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, Neurobiology, and Treatment
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a complex and often misunderstood psychiatric condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identity states, memory disruptions, and episodes of dissociation. This review presents an overview of DID, focusing on its definition, symptoms, eti...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Quality in Sport |
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| Online Access: | https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/60277 |
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| author | Monika Fidyk Michał Bolek Bartosz Jagieła Aleksandra Kędzia Dominika Musialska Magda Minkiewicz |
| author_facet | Monika Fidyk Michał Bolek Bartosz Jagieła Aleksandra Kędzia Dominika Musialska Magda Minkiewicz |
| author_sort | Monika Fidyk |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a complex and often misunderstood psychiatric condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identity states, memory disruptions, and episodes of dissociation. This review presents an overview of DID, focusing on its definition, symptoms, etiology, neurobiological underpinnings, diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing controversies. Current research highlights early childhood trauma as a key etiological factor, with emerging neuroimaging studies supporting the disorder’s distinct biological profile. Despite its prevalence, DID remains underdiagnosed and frequently misidentified as other psychiatric conditions, particularly borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia. The review also explores sociocultural influences, including the impact of social media on public awareness and self-diagnosis. Diagnostic challenges persist, though structured clinical interviews such as SCID-D-R offer reliable tools. Treatment is primarily based on long-term, phase-oriented psychotherapy, supported by adjunctive pharmacological strategies targeting comorbid symptoms. While debates surrounding the validity and origin of DID continue—particularly regarding the trauma model—empirical findings increasingly affirm the disorder’s legitimacy. Simulation of DID remains a concern, especially in forensic contexts, yet validated psychological and physiological assessments can aid in differential diagnosis. This review underscores the importance of continued research and clinical awareness to improve diagnosis, treatment outcomes, and public understanding of DID.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4a6ef1a235f4469da949529100b80e27 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2450-3118 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Quality in Sport |
| spelling | doaj-art-4a6ef1a235f4469da949529100b80e272025-08-20T02:59:07ZengNicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńQuality in Sport2450-31182025-05-014110.12775/QS.2025.41.60277Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, Neurobiology, and TreatmentMonika Fidyk0https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8664-8132Michał Bolek1https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7991-3212Bartosz Jagieła2https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5592-1511Aleksandra Kędzia3https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4130-2983Dominika Musialska4https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5886-5543Magda Minkiewicz5https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7492-80334th Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw4th Military Clinical Hospital in WroclawUniversity Clinical Hospital of Jan Mikulicz-Radecki in WroclawLower-Silesian Center of Oncology Pulmonary and Hematology in Wroclaw4th Military Clinical Hospital in WroclawUniversity Clinical Hospital of Jan Mikulicz-Radecki in Wroclaw Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a complex and often misunderstood psychiatric condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identity states, memory disruptions, and episodes of dissociation. This review presents an overview of DID, focusing on its definition, symptoms, etiology, neurobiological underpinnings, diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing controversies. Current research highlights early childhood trauma as a key etiological factor, with emerging neuroimaging studies supporting the disorder’s distinct biological profile. Despite its prevalence, DID remains underdiagnosed and frequently misidentified as other psychiatric conditions, particularly borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia. The review also explores sociocultural influences, including the impact of social media on public awareness and self-diagnosis. Diagnostic challenges persist, though structured clinical interviews such as SCID-D-R offer reliable tools. Treatment is primarily based on long-term, phase-oriented psychotherapy, supported by adjunctive pharmacological strategies targeting comorbid symptoms. While debates surrounding the validity and origin of DID continue—particularly regarding the trauma model—empirical findings increasingly affirm the disorder’s legitimacy. Simulation of DID remains a concern, especially in forensic contexts, yet validated psychological and physiological assessments can aid in differential diagnosis. This review underscores the importance of continued research and clinical awareness to improve diagnosis, treatment outcomes, and public understanding of DID. https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/60277Dissociative Identity DisorderDissociationDissociative DisordersChildhood TraumaPhase-Oriented Psychotherapy |
| spellingShingle | Monika Fidyk Michał Bolek Bartosz Jagieła Aleksandra Kędzia Dominika Musialska Magda Minkiewicz Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, Neurobiology, and Treatment Quality in Sport Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociation Dissociative Disorders Childhood Trauma Phase-Oriented Psychotherapy |
| title | Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, Neurobiology, and Treatment |
| title_full | Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, Neurobiology, and Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, Neurobiology, and Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, Neurobiology, and Treatment |
| title_short | Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, Neurobiology, and Treatment |
| title_sort | dissociative identity disorder a comprehensive review of etiology diagnosis neurobiology and treatment |
| topic | Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociation Dissociative Disorders Childhood Trauma Phase-Oriented Psychotherapy |
| url | https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/60277 |
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