Toll-like receptor-mediated immune imbalance in asthma: controversies, breakthroughs, and future directions
As a chronic inflammatory illness of the respiratory system, asthma occurs due to various factors and is characterized by a T helper 2 (Th2)-skewed immune response, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) perform a “double-edged sword” function in a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1605185/full |
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| author | Xinyi Xu Ruihan Yu Zhuoqun Yang Chenyu Li Huabao Xiong Chunxia Li |
| author_facet | Xinyi Xu Ruihan Yu Zhuoqun Yang Chenyu Li Huabao Xiong Chunxia Li |
| author_sort | Xinyi Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a chronic inflammatory illness of the respiratory system, asthma occurs due to various factors and is characterized by a T helper 2 (Th2)-skewed immune response, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) perform a “double-edged sword” function in asthma-related immunological dysregulation by recognizing damage-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In turn, the activation of some TLRs stimulates epithelial cells to release inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating Th2-driven inflammation and contributing to airway remodeling. Certain TLR signals help inhibit allergic responses by inducing type I interferon or regulatory T cells. The TLR family comprises 10 members, each responsible for recognizing the distinct molecular structure of multiple microbial sources. Variations in environmental microbial exposure duration and host genetic background contribute to the complexity of the TLR signaling network during asthma development. In recent years, therapeutic strategies targeting TLRs have shown potential for asthma treatment. However, a comprehensive review of TLRs in asthma is lacking. Therefore, this review sought to examine the functional mechanisms of TLRs and associated signaling cascades in asthma, and explore novel prevention and treatment approaches centered on TLRs modulation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4a35ff1d8ed740559cdd8ea773dc2ff5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-4a35ff1d8ed740559cdd8ea773dc2ff52025-08-20T03:33:02ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-07-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.16051851605185Toll-like receptor-mediated immune imbalance in asthma: controversies, breakthroughs, and future directionsXinyi XuRuihan YuZhuoqun YangChenyu LiHuabao XiongChunxia LiAs a chronic inflammatory illness of the respiratory system, asthma occurs due to various factors and is characterized by a T helper 2 (Th2)-skewed immune response, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) perform a “double-edged sword” function in asthma-related immunological dysregulation by recognizing damage-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In turn, the activation of some TLRs stimulates epithelial cells to release inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating Th2-driven inflammation and contributing to airway remodeling. Certain TLR signals help inhibit allergic responses by inducing type I interferon or regulatory T cells. The TLR family comprises 10 members, each responsible for recognizing the distinct molecular structure of multiple microbial sources. Variations in environmental microbial exposure duration and host genetic background contribute to the complexity of the TLR signaling network during asthma development. In recent years, therapeutic strategies targeting TLRs have shown potential for asthma treatment. However, a comprehensive review of TLRs in asthma is lacking. Therefore, this review sought to examine the functional mechanisms of TLRs and associated signaling cascades in asthma, and explore novel prevention and treatment approaches centered on TLRs modulation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1605185/fulltoll-like receptorstoll-like receptors signalingasthmaimmune cellsinflammationcytokines |
| spellingShingle | Xinyi Xu Ruihan Yu Zhuoqun Yang Chenyu Li Huabao Xiong Chunxia Li Toll-like receptor-mediated immune imbalance in asthma: controversies, breakthroughs, and future directions Frontiers in Immunology toll-like receptors toll-like receptors signaling asthma immune cells inflammation cytokines |
| title | Toll-like receptor-mediated immune imbalance in asthma: controversies, breakthroughs, and future directions |
| title_full | Toll-like receptor-mediated immune imbalance in asthma: controversies, breakthroughs, and future directions |
| title_fullStr | Toll-like receptor-mediated immune imbalance in asthma: controversies, breakthroughs, and future directions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toll-like receptor-mediated immune imbalance in asthma: controversies, breakthroughs, and future directions |
| title_short | Toll-like receptor-mediated immune imbalance in asthma: controversies, breakthroughs, and future directions |
| title_sort | toll like receptor mediated immune imbalance in asthma controversies breakthroughs and future directions |
| topic | toll-like receptors toll-like receptors signaling asthma immune cells inflammation cytokines |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1605185/full |
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