Long-term aging at 475°C: Effects on the microstructure and properties of custom 465® alloy
This study examines the effects of long-term aging at 475 °C on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the precipitation-hardened stainless-steel alloy, Custom 465®. The research combines theoretical insights with experimental analyses to investigate key transformations occurring during ext...
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Results in Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025007819 |
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| author | Muhammad Ahmad Iqbal Anum Shafiq |
| author_facet | Muhammad Ahmad Iqbal Anum Shafiq |
| author_sort | Muhammad Ahmad Iqbal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study examines the effects of long-term aging at 475 °C on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the precipitation-hardened stainless-steel alloy, Custom 465®. The research combines theoretical insights with experimental analyses to investigate key transformations occurring during extended thermal exposure. Advanced characterization techniques, including TEM and XRD, showed that quality heat treatment facilitates the precipitation of η-Ni₃Ti particles and the development of a minor portion of RA within tempered lath martensite. Prolonged aging for 1000 and 2000 hours enhances the precipitation of η-Ni₃Ti particles and the α′-Cr-rich phase through the spinodal decomposition of the α-solid solution, accompanied by an increase in the amount of reverted austenite. The mechanical properties of the alloy were found to evolve with aging time. While strength values decreased slightly, elongation and impact energy remained stable, highlighting the critical role of reverted austenite in mitigating the embrittlement caused by the α′-Cr-rich phase. These findings underscore the complex interplay between phase transformations and mechanical behavior, suggesting that controlled heat treatment can optimize the balance between strength and ductility. This research provides valuable insights into the thermal stability of Custom 465® alloy, with implications for its application in demanding engineering environments. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4a1c95fb4b5c4d22afea37e8ae730b71 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-4a1c95fb4b5c4d22afea37e8ae730b712025-08-20T02:49:25ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-06-012610470410.1016/j.rineng.2025.104704Long-term aging at 475°C: Effects on the microstructure and properties of custom 465® alloyMuhammad Ahmad Iqbal0Anum Shafiq1Institute of Advanced Materials, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan; Corresponding authors.IT4Innovations, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Corresponding authors.This study examines the effects of long-term aging at 475 °C on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the precipitation-hardened stainless-steel alloy, Custom 465®. The research combines theoretical insights with experimental analyses to investigate key transformations occurring during extended thermal exposure. Advanced characterization techniques, including TEM and XRD, showed that quality heat treatment facilitates the precipitation of η-Ni₃Ti particles and the development of a minor portion of RA within tempered lath martensite. Prolonged aging for 1000 and 2000 hours enhances the precipitation of η-Ni₃Ti particles and the α′-Cr-rich phase through the spinodal decomposition of the α-solid solution, accompanied by an increase in the amount of reverted austenite. The mechanical properties of the alloy were found to evolve with aging time. While strength values decreased slightly, elongation and impact energy remained stable, highlighting the critical role of reverted austenite in mitigating the embrittlement caused by the α′-Cr-rich phase. These findings underscore the complex interplay between phase transformations and mechanical behavior, suggesting that controlled heat treatment can optimize the balance between strength and ductility. This research provides valuable insights into the thermal stability of Custom 465® alloy, with implications for its application in demanding engineering environments.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025007819Long-term aging475 °C embrittlementprecipitation hardened stainless steelspinodal decompositionreverted austenitemechanical properties |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Ahmad Iqbal Anum Shafiq Long-term aging at 475°C: Effects on the microstructure and properties of custom 465® alloy Results in Engineering Long-term aging 475 °C embrittlement precipitation hardened stainless steel spinodal decomposition reverted austenite mechanical properties |
| title | Long-term aging at 475°C: Effects on the microstructure and properties of custom 465® alloy |
| title_full | Long-term aging at 475°C: Effects on the microstructure and properties of custom 465® alloy |
| title_fullStr | Long-term aging at 475°C: Effects on the microstructure and properties of custom 465® alloy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-term aging at 475°C: Effects on the microstructure and properties of custom 465® alloy |
| title_short | Long-term aging at 475°C: Effects on the microstructure and properties of custom 465® alloy |
| title_sort | long term aging at 475°c effects on the microstructure and properties of custom 465 r alloy |
| topic | Long-term aging 475 °C embrittlement precipitation hardened stainless steel spinodal decomposition reverted austenite mechanical properties |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025007819 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT muhammadahmadiqbal longtermagingat475ceffectsonthemicrostructureandpropertiesofcustom465alloy AT anumshafiq longtermagingat475ceffectsonthemicrostructureandpropertiesofcustom465alloy |