Ethnobotany, Cytotoxicity and Color Stability of Karen Natural Colorants
Historically, natural pigments have been used to color textiles, food, and cosmetics, but the rise of synthetic dyes in the 19th century reduced their use. Recently, interest in plant-based pigments has surged due to health and environmental concerns. Among Thailand’s ethnic groups, the Karen use pl...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Sukhumaabhorn Kaewsangsai Prateep Panyadee Aussara Panya Hataichanok Pandith Prasit Wangpakapattanawong Henrik Balslev Angkhana Inta |
| author_facet | Sukhumaabhorn Kaewsangsai Prateep Panyadee Aussara Panya Hataichanok Pandith Prasit Wangpakapattanawong Henrik Balslev Angkhana Inta |
| author_sort | Sukhumaabhorn Kaewsangsai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Historically, natural pigments have been used to color textiles, food, and cosmetics, but the rise of synthetic dyes in the 19th century reduced their use. Recently, interest in plant-based pigments has surged due to health and environmental concerns. Among Thailand’s ethnic groups, the Karen use plant colorants extensively, but their practices remain understudied. In this study, we document the knowledge of plant colorants of the Karen community in Chiang Mai province, assess the color stability of the plant colorants, and evaluate their cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Interviews with 113 informants revealed 52 plant species used for dyeing, primarily through hot water extraction. The most common color was brown, and <i>Strobilanthes cusia</i> had the highest color use value (0.93). The study identified 10 color shades, with blue showing the highest consensus. Color stability was tested at room and elevated temperatures, which showed that colorants from <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> were the most stable, and those of <i>Strobilanthes cusia</i> had the lowest toxicity (CC<sub>50</sub> = 994.1 µg/mL), while <i>Artocarpus lacucha</i> had the highest toxicity (CC<sub>50</sub> = 63.96 µg/mL). <i>Oroxylum indicum</i>, which has excellent color stability and moderate cytotoxicity (CC<sub>50</sub> = 294.4 µg/mL), is recommended as a promising natural colorant. This study provides valuable insights into preserving traditional knowledge in Karen communities. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4a0caecce6294ede9f83ff28f3fbc514 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj-art-4a0caecce6294ede9f83ff28f3fbc5142025-08-20T02:58:47ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-04-01149134810.3390/plants14091348Ethnobotany, Cytotoxicity and Color Stability of Karen Natural ColorantsSukhumaabhorn Kaewsangsai0Prateep Panyadee1Aussara Panya2Hataichanok Pandith3Prasit Wangpakapattanawong4Henrik Balslev5Angkhana Inta6Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandQueen Sirikit Botanic Garden, The Botanical Garden Organization, Chiang Mai 50180, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandHistorically, natural pigments have been used to color textiles, food, and cosmetics, but the rise of synthetic dyes in the 19th century reduced their use. Recently, interest in plant-based pigments has surged due to health and environmental concerns. Among Thailand’s ethnic groups, the Karen use plant colorants extensively, but their practices remain understudied. In this study, we document the knowledge of plant colorants of the Karen community in Chiang Mai province, assess the color stability of the plant colorants, and evaluate their cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Interviews with 113 informants revealed 52 plant species used for dyeing, primarily through hot water extraction. The most common color was brown, and <i>Strobilanthes cusia</i> had the highest color use value (0.93). The study identified 10 color shades, with blue showing the highest consensus. Color stability was tested at room and elevated temperatures, which showed that colorants from <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> were the most stable, and those of <i>Strobilanthes cusia</i> had the lowest toxicity (CC<sub>50</sub> = 994.1 µg/mL), while <i>Artocarpus lacucha</i> had the highest toxicity (CC<sub>50</sub> = 63.96 µg/mL). <i>Oroxylum indicum</i>, which has excellent color stability and moderate cytotoxicity (CC<sub>50</sub> = 294.4 µg/mL), is recommended as a promising natural colorant. This study provides valuable insights into preserving traditional knowledge in Karen communities.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/9/1348ethnobotanylocal plantsnatural dyeplant-based dyetraditional knowledge |
| spellingShingle | Sukhumaabhorn Kaewsangsai Prateep Panyadee Aussara Panya Hataichanok Pandith Prasit Wangpakapattanawong Henrik Balslev Angkhana Inta Ethnobotany, Cytotoxicity and Color Stability of Karen Natural Colorants Plants ethnobotany local plants natural dye plant-based dye traditional knowledge |
| title | Ethnobotany, Cytotoxicity and Color Stability of Karen Natural Colorants |
| title_full | Ethnobotany, Cytotoxicity and Color Stability of Karen Natural Colorants |
| title_fullStr | Ethnobotany, Cytotoxicity and Color Stability of Karen Natural Colorants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ethnobotany, Cytotoxicity and Color Stability of Karen Natural Colorants |
| title_short | Ethnobotany, Cytotoxicity and Color Stability of Karen Natural Colorants |
| title_sort | ethnobotany cytotoxicity and color stability of karen natural colorants |
| topic | ethnobotany local plants natural dye plant-based dye traditional knowledge |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/9/1348 |
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