The Risk for Violence Screening Tool: a psychometric validation and reliability study
Background: There is a lack of high-quality evidence to support the recommendation of an instrument to screen emergency department patients for their risk for violence. Objective: To demonstrate the content and predictive validity and reliability of the novel Risk for Violence Screening Tool to iden...
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666142X24001073 |
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| author | Sheila Mallett-Smith Alirio Olmedo Catherine P. Canamar |
| author_facet | Sheila Mallett-Smith Alirio Olmedo Catherine P. Canamar |
| author_sort | Sheila Mallett-Smith |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: There is a lack of high-quality evidence to support the recommendation of an instrument to screen emergency department patients for their risk for violence. Objective: To demonstrate the content and predictive validity and reliability of the novel Risk for Violence Screening Tool to identify patients at risk for violence. Design and Setting: This retrospective risk screening study was conducted at a 100-bed emergency department in an urban, academic, safety net trauma center in Southern California. Participants: Nine subject matter expert employees and 22,583 non-critical adult emergency patients. Methods: Subject matter experts rated the relevance of 30 risk items and 10 domains comprising the Risk for Violence Screening Tool. Content Validity Index/Average Content Validity and Universal Agreement analyses determined the tool's content validity. Predictive validity, analyzed with logistic regression, used data from a patient incidence of violence registry (an incident occurred or did not occur), compared with the Risk for Violence Screening Tool screening result (positive or negative). Response agreement among three nurses who independently utilized the Risk for Violence Screening Tool to assess the same patients upon their arrival at the emergency department determined inter-rater reliability. Results: The overall Content Validity Index was 0.84, and the item-level Content Validity Index and the universal agreement scores were 1.00, indicating perfect agreement on item relevance and a unanimous consensus among experts. Patients who screened positive on the Risk of Violence Screening Tool, indicating a high probability of violence, were 27.55 times more likely to commit an act of violence compared to those who screened negative (95 % CI = 24.73 to 30.70). The logistic regression model was statistically significant, (χ2(1) = 1140.29, p < 0.0001), explaining a range from 4.9 % (Cox & Snell R2) to 37.3 % (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance and indicating that the Risk for Violence Screening Tool successfully predicted violent incidents. The calculated area under the curve of 0.843 (95 % confidence interval, 0.812–0.873, p < 0.001) affirmed the Risk for Violence Screening Tool's discriminatory ability to distinguish between individuals with and without a risk for violent behavior. Cohen's Kappa statistic yielded a value of 0.86 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The Risk for Violence Screening Tool is valid and reliable. This standardized tool can be used in emergency departments as part of a robust violence prevention program, creating a safer workplace for both staff and patients. Tweetable abstract: The Risk for Violence Screening Tool (RVST) is a valid and reliable brief screener to identify emergency department patients at risk for violence. @dhs.lacounty @ijn2024 |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-49fef09e1db2402b90502b583d434f08 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2666-142X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances |
| spelling | doaj-art-49fef09e1db2402b90502b583d434f082025-08-20T03:45:45ZengElsevierInternational Journal of Nursing Studies Advances2666-142X2025-06-01810028010.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100280The Risk for Violence Screening Tool: a psychometric validation and reliability studySheila Mallett-Smith0Alirio Olmedo1Catherine P. Canamar2Corresponding author at: Los Angeles General Medical Center, 1983 Marengo Street, Los Angeles, California, United States.; Los Angeles General Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesLos Angeles General Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesLos Angeles General Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesBackground: There is a lack of high-quality evidence to support the recommendation of an instrument to screen emergency department patients for their risk for violence. Objective: To demonstrate the content and predictive validity and reliability of the novel Risk for Violence Screening Tool to identify patients at risk for violence. Design and Setting: This retrospective risk screening study was conducted at a 100-bed emergency department in an urban, academic, safety net trauma center in Southern California. Participants: Nine subject matter expert employees and 22,583 non-critical adult emergency patients. Methods: Subject matter experts rated the relevance of 30 risk items and 10 domains comprising the Risk for Violence Screening Tool. Content Validity Index/Average Content Validity and Universal Agreement analyses determined the tool's content validity. Predictive validity, analyzed with logistic regression, used data from a patient incidence of violence registry (an incident occurred or did not occur), compared with the Risk for Violence Screening Tool screening result (positive or negative). Response agreement among three nurses who independently utilized the Risk for Violence Screening Tool to assess the same patients upon their arrival at the emergency department determined inter-rater reliability. Results: The overall Content Validity Index was 0.84, and the item-level Content Validity Index and the universal agreement scores were 1.00, indicating perfect agreement on item relevance and a unanimous consensus among experts. Patients who screened positive on the Risk of Violence Screening Tool, indicating a high probability of violence, were 27.55 times more likely to commit an act of violence compared to those who screened negative (95 % CI = 24.73 to 30.70). The logistic regression model was statistically significant, (χ2(1) = 1140.29, p < 0.0001), explaining a range from 4.9 % (Cox & Snell R2) to 37.3 % (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance and indicating that the Risk for Violence Screening Tool successfully predicted violent incidents. The calculated area under the curve of 0.843 (95 % confidence interval, 0.812–0.873, p < 0.001) affirmed the Risk for Violence Screening Tool's discriminatory ability to distinguish between individuals with and without a risk for violent behavior. Cohen's Kappa statistic yielded a value of 0.86 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The Risk for Violence Screening Tool is valid and reliable. This standardized tool can be used in emergency departments as part of a robust violence prevention program, creating a safer workplace for both staff and patients. Tweetable abstract: The Risk for Violence Screening Tool (RVST) is a valid and reliable brief screener to identify emergency department patients at risk for violence. @dhs.lacounty @ijn2024http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666142X24001073Workplace violenceRisk for violence screening toolPsychometric testingValidityReliabilitySensitivity & specificity |
| spellingShingle | Sheila Mallett-Smith Alirio Olmedo Catherine P. Canamar The Risk for Violence Screening Tool: a psychometric validation and reliability study International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances Workplace violence Risk for violence screening tool Psychometric testing Validity Reliability Sensitivity & specificity |
| title | The Risk for Violence Screening Tool: a psychometric validation and reliability study |
| title_full | The Risk for Violence Screening Tool: a psychometric validation and reliability study |
| title_fullStr | The Risk for Violence Screening Tool: a psychometric validation and reliability study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Risk for Violence Screening Tool: a psychometric validation and reliability study |
| title_short | The Risk for Violence Screening Tool: a psychometric validation and reliability study |
| title_sort | risk for violence screening tool a psychometric validation and reliability study |
| topic | Workplace violence Risk for violence screening tool Psychometric testing Validity Reliability Sensitivity & specificity |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666142X24001073 |
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