The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are diseases characterized by various degrees of inflammation involving the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are characterized by a dysregulated immune response leading to structural gut alterations in genetically predisposed individua...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2017-01-01
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| Series: | Mediators of Inflammation |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8390595 |
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| author | Danilo Pagliari Giovanni Gambassi Ciriaco A. Piccirillo Rossella Cianci |
| author_facet | Danilo Pagliari Giovanni Gambassi Ciriaco A. Piccirillo Rossella Cianci |
| author_sort | Danilo Pagliari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are diseases characterized by various degrees of inflammation involving the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are characterized by a dysregulated immune response leading to structural gut alterations in genetically predisposed individuals. Diverticular disease is characterized by abnormal immune response to normal gut microbiota. IBDs are linked to a lack of physiological tolerance of the mucosal immune system to resident gut microbiota and pathogens. The disruption of immune tolerance involves inflammatory pathways characterized by an unbalance between the anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells and the proinflammatory Th1/Th17 cells. The interaction among T cell subpopulations and their related cytokines, mediators of inflammation, gut microbiota, and the intestinal mucosa constitute the gut “immunological niche.” Several evidences have shown that xenobiotics, such as rifaximin, can positively modulate the inflammatory pathways at the site of gut immunological niche, acting as anti-inflammatory agents. Xenobiotics may interfere with components of the immunological niche, leading to activation of anti-inflammatory pathways and inhibition of several mediators of inflammation. In summary, xenobiotics may reduce disease-related gut mucosal alterations and clinical symptoms. Studying the complex interplay between gut immunological niche and xenobiotics will certainly open new horizons in the knowledge and therapy of intestinal pathologies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-49e57f600997456bb29d5fea91ca3fa2 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 0962-9351 1466-1861 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2017-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mediators of Inflammation |
| spelling | doaj-art-49e57f600997456bb29d5fea91ca3fa22025-08-20T02:39:22ZengWileyMediators of Inflammation0962-93511466-18612017-01-01201710.1155/2017/83905958390595The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal PathologyDanilo Pagliari0Giovanni Gambassi1Ciriaco A. Piccirillo2Rossella Cianci3Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences, “A. Gemelli Hospital”, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences, “A. Gemelli Hospital”, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, CanadaDepartment of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences, “A. Gemelli Hospital”, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, ItalyInflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are diseases characterized by various degrees of inflammation involving the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are characterized by a dysregulated immune response leading to structural gut alterations in genetically predisposed individuals. Diverticular disease is characterized by abnormal immune response to normal gut microbiota. IBDs are linked to a lack of physiological tolerance of the mucosal immune system to resident gut microbiota and pathogens. The disruption of immune tolerance involves inflammatory pathways characterized by an unbalance between the anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells and the proinflammatory Th1/Th17 cells. The interaction among T cell subpopulations and their related cytokines, mediators of inflammation, gut microbiota, and the intestinal mucosa constitute the gut “immunological niche.” Several evidences have shown that xenobiotics, such as rifaximin, can positively modulate the inflammatory pathways at the site of gut immunological niche, acting as anti-inflammatory agents. Xenobiotics may interfere with components of the immunological niche, leading to activation of anti-inflammatory pathways and inhibition of several mediators of inflammation. In summary, xenobiotics may reduce disease-related gut mucosal alterations and clinical symptoms. Studying the complex interplay between gut immunological niche and xenobiotics will certainly open new horizons in the knowledge and therapy of intestinal pathologies.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8390595 |
| spellingShingle | Danilo Pagliari Giovanni Gambassi Ciriaco A. Piccirillo Rossella Cianci The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology Mediators of Inflammation |
| title | The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology |
| title_full | The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology |
| title_fullStr | The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology |
| title_short | The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology |
| title_sort | intricate link among gut immunological niche microbiota and xenobiotics in intestinal pathology |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8390595 |
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