Effect of alkaline treatment on the thermal and mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites
Abstract This study examines the impact of alkaline treatment on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of sugar palm fiber (SPF)-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites. SPF fibers (250 μm) were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% (w/w)...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99227-x |
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| author | Dandi Bachtiar Ausama Abbas Mohammed Sivasubramanian Palanisamy Al Ichlas Imran Januar Parlaungan Siregar Mohd Ruzaimi bin Mat Rejab Syaubari Syaubari Tezara Cionita Deni Fajar Fitriyana Saleh A Al-Farraj Mansour I Almansour Quanjin Ma |
| author_facet | Dandi Bachtiar Ausama Abbas Mohammed Sivasubramanian Palanisamy Al Ichlas Imran Januar Parlaungan Siregar Mohd Ruzaimi bin Mat Rejab Syaubari Syaubari Tezara Cionita Deni Fajar Fitriyana Saleh A Al-Farraj Mansour I Almansour Quanjin Ma |
| author_sort | Dandi Bachtiar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This study examines the impact of alkaline treatment on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of sugar palm fiber (SPF)-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites. SPF fibers (250 μm) were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% (w/w) for 90 min at room temperature. These fibers were then mixed with TPU in an extruder at 180–200 °C and molded into composite sheets using compression molding at 190 °C, 10 MPa pressure, and a 10-minute holding time. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed increased crystallinity in the composites, peaking at 1589 cps with 6% NaOH. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed improved fiber-matrix compatibility, most evident with 2% NaOH. SEM analysis indicated cleaner and rougher fiber surfaces post-treatment, though cracks were observed at higher concentrations. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed increased oxygen content and sodium residue at elevated NaOH levels, reflecting lignin removal. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, with the highest residue mass of 599.16 °C at 6% NaOH. Alkaline treatment notably enhanced SPF/TPU composites, with 2% NaOH providing optimal flexural strength and 6% NaOH maximizing impact strength and thermal stability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4993cf406b74418fa9be242fc4b6ee50 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-4993cf406b74418fa9be242fc4b6ee502025-08-20T02:30:23ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115111410.1038/s41598-025-99227-xEffect of alkaline treatment on the thermal and mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane compositesDandi Bachtiar0Ausama Abbas Mohammed1Sivasubramanian Palanisamy2Al Ichlas Imran3Januar Parlaungan Siregar4Mohd Ruzaimi bin Mat Rejab5Syaubari Syaubari6Tezara Cionita7Deni Fajar Fitriyana8Saleh A Al-Farraj9Mansour I Almansour10Quanjin Ma11Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala (USK)Department of Materials, University of Technology IraqDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, P T R College of Engineering & TechnologyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Halu OleoFaculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA)Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA)Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala (USK)Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International UniversityDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri SemarangDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud universityDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud universitySchool of Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and TechnologyAbstract This study examines the impact of alkaline treatment on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of sugar palm fiber (SPF)-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites. SPF fibers (250 μm) were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% (w/w) for 90 min at room temperature. These fibers were then mixed with TPU in an extruder at 180–200 °C and molded into composite sheets using compression molding at 190 °C, 10 MPa pressure, and a 10-minute holding time. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed increased crystallinity in the composites, peaking at 1589 cps with 6% NaOH. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed improved fiber-matrix compatibility, most evident with 2% NaOH. SEM analysis indicated cleaner and rougher fiber surfaces post-treatment, though cracks were observed at higher concentrations. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed increased oxygen content and sodium residue at elevated NaOH levels, reflecting lignin removal. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, with the highest residue mass of 599.16 °C at 6% NaOH. Alkaline treatment notably enhanced SPF/TPU composites, with 2% NaOH providing optimal flexural strength and 6% NaOH maximizing impact strength and thermal stability.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99227-xMechanical propertiesThermal propertiesSugar palm fiberThermoplastic polyurethaneAlkaline treatment. |
| spellingShingle | Dandi Bachtiar Ausama Abbas Mohammed Sivasubramanian Palanisamy Al Ichlas Imran Januar Parlaungan Siregar Mohd Ruzaimi bin Mat Rejab Syaubari Syaubari Tezara Cionita Deni Fajar Fitriyana Saleh A Al-Farraj Mansour I Almansour Quanjin Ma Effect of alkaline treatment on the thermal and mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites Scientific Reports Mechanical properties Thermal properties Sugar palm fiber Thermoplastic polyurethane Alkaline treatment. |
| title | Effect of alkaline treatment on the thermal and mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites |
| title_full | Effect of alkaline treatment on the thermal and mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites |
| title_fullStr | Effect of alkaline treatment on the thermal and mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of alkaline treatment on the thermal and mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites |
| title_short | Effect of alkaline treatment on the thermal and mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites |
| title_sort | effect of alkaline treatment on the thermal and mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites |
| topic | Mechanical properties Thermal properties Sugar palm fiber Thermoplastic polyurethane Alkaline treatment. |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99227-x |
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