Potential physical distance in the open urban grey space of city counties in Poland and COVID-19 cases and deaths throughout the pandemic
Abstract Background This paper reports the structure of grey space and the number of cases and deaths throughout the COVID-19 pandemic (from March 2020 to June 2023) in 66 city counties in Poland. Methods Three main components of urban grey space (built-up areas, transport areas, and industrial area...
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BMC
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Archives of Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01563-x |
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| author | Roman Suligowski Tadeusz Ciupa |
| author_facet | Roman Suligowski Tadeusz Ciupa |
| author_sort | Roman Suligowski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background This paper reports the structure of grey space and the number of cases and deaths throughout the COVID-19 pandemic (from March 2020 to June 2023) in 66 city counties in Poland. Methods Three main components of urban grey space (built-up areas, transport areas, and industrial areas) and the potential physical distance between residents in the open grey space – was determined. The total number of COVID-19 cases and deaths covered the entire period of the pandemic (totalling 1,214 days) was identified. The incidence and mortality density rates and the case fatality ratio were calculated. Simple and multiple linear regression models were developed to predict the quantitative characteristics of COVID-19 independent of city size. Results Within the open spaces of cities, the average distance between residents was 17.7 m and was several times greater than that in closed spaces (1.5–2.0 m), which significantly reduced the risk of COVID-19 infection. Strong relationships were observed between the potential physical distance in the grey space structure and the total number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. The coefficient of determination (R2) for these relationships in the eight city groups by population was 0.90 for cases and 0.88 for deaths (significance level p = 0.001). Conclusion The study contributes to understanding how potential physical distance based on population density in grey space, might have influenced the course of COVID-19 during the pandemic. These findings can be applied to planning antiviral protection and to implementing future multilevel restrictions aimed at reducing the reproduction of SARS-CoV-2 in cities of various sizes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4900716d613245efbc8a79e010dd9161 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2049-3258 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | Archives of Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-4900716d613245efbc8a79e010dd91612025-08-20T02:49:29ZengBMCArchives of Public Health2049-32582025-03-0183111710.1186/s13690-025-01563-xPotential physical distance in the open urban grey space of city counties in Poland and COVID-19 cases and deaths throughout the pandemicRoman Suligowski0Tadeusz Ciupa1Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Geography and Environmental SciencesFaculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Geography and Environmental SciencesAbstract Background This paper reports the structure of grey space and the number of cases and deaths throughout the COVID-19 pandemic (from March 2020 to June 2023) in 66 city counties in Poland. Methods Three main components of urban grey space (built-up areas, transport areas, and industrial areas) and the potential physical distance between residents in the open grey space – was determined. The total number of COVID-19 cases and deaths covered the entire period of the pandemic (totalling 1,214 days) was identified. The incidence and mortality density rates and the case fatality ratio were calculated. Simple and multiple linear regression models were developed to predict the quantitative characteristics of COVID-19 independent of city size. Results Within the open spaces of cities, the average distance between residents was 17.7 m and was several times greater than that in closed spaces (1.5–2.0 m), which significantly reduced the risk of COVID-19 infection. Strong relationships were observed between the potential physical distance in the grey space structure and the total number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. The coefficient of determination (R2) for these relationships in the eight city groups by population was 0.90 for cases and 0.88 for deaths (significance level p = 0.001). Conclusion The study contributes to understanding how potential physical distance based on population density in grey space, might have influenced the course of COVID-19 during the pandemic. These findings can be applied to planning antiviral protection and to implementing future multilevel restrictions aimed at reducing the reproduction of SARS-CoV-2 in cities of various sizes.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01563-xCOVID‐19Urban grey spacesPhysical distanceRelationships |
| spellingShingle | Roman Suligowski Tadeusz Ciupa Potential physical distance in the open urban grey space of city counties in Poland and COVID-19 cases and deaths throughout the pandemic Archives of Public Health COVID‐19 Urban grey spaces Physical distance Relationships |
| title | Potential physical distance in the open urban grey space of city counties in Poland and COVID-19 cases and deaths throughout the pandemic |
| title_full | Potential physical distance in the open urban grey space of city counties in Poland and COVID-19 cases and deaths throughout the pandemic |
| title_fullStr | Potential physical distance in the open urban grey space of city counties in Poland and COVID-19 cases and deaths throughout the pandemic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential physical distance in the open urban grey space of city counties in Poland and COVID-19 cases and deaths throughout the pandemic |
| title_short | Potential physical distance in the open urban grey space of city counties in Poland and COVID-19 cases and deaths throughout the pandemic |
| title_sort | potential physical distance in the open urban grey space of city counties in poland and covid 19 cases and deaths throughout the pandemic |
| topic | COVID‐19 Urban grey spaces Physical distance Relationships |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01563-x |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT romansuligowski potentialphysicaldistanceintheopenurbangreyspaceofcitycountiesinpolandandcovid19casesanddeathsthroughoutthepandemic AT tadeuszciupa potentialphysicaldistanceintheopenurbangreyspaceofcitycountiesinpolandandcovid19casesanddeathsthroughoutthepandemic |