Structure-Dependent uptake and metabolism of Tire additives Benzothiazoles in carrot plant
Tire additives, such as benzothiazole and its derivatives (collectively called BTs), are large-volume chemicals that are constantly emitted into agricultural environment via tire-road wearing and other actions. The potential accumulation of BTs in food crops depends largely on their metabolism in pl...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2024-11-01
|
| Series: | Environment International |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412024006615 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850130556754329600 |
|---|---|
| author | Juan Wu Yugang Lai Xindong Yang Qinghua Zhou Zhuxiu Qian Anping Zhang Jianqiang Sun Jay Gan |
| author_facet | Juan Wu Yugang Lai Xindong Yang Qinghua Zhou Zhuxiu Qian Anping Zhang Jianqiang Sun Jay Gan |
| author_sort | Juan Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tire additives, such as benzothiazole and its derivatives (collectively called BTs), are large-volume chemicals that are constantly emitted into agricultural environment via tire-road wearing and other actions. The potential accumulation of BTs in food crops depends largely on their metabolism in plants, which is poorly understood. Herein, we evaluated uptake and metabolism of six BTs in carrot callus and intact carrot plants to understand their structure-specific metabolism. All BTs were readily taken up by carrot roots, with their root concentration factors (RCF) ranging from 1.66 ± 0.01 to 2.95 ± 0.05. Although the tested BTs exhibited poor upward translocation from root to leaves (translocation factors < 1), the translocation factors of 2-methylbenzothiazole (0.79) and 2-aminobenzothiazole (0.65) were significantly higher than that of 2-methylbenzothiazole (0.18) and 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole (0.22). These results indicated the structure-dependent uptake and translocation of BTs in carrot. Correlation analysis between log Kow and log RCF or TF revealed that the hydrophobicity of BTs predominantly affected their root uptake and acropetal translocation in carrots. With the aid of high-resolution mass spectrometry, a total of 18 novel metabolites of BTs were tentatively identified, suggesting that BT compounds can be metabolized by carrot callus. The proposed metabolites of BTs include four hydroxylated products, one demethylated product, five glycosylated products and eight amino acid conjugated products, revealing that glycosylation and amino acid conjugation were the dominant transformation pathways for BT metabolism in carrot. However, the detected species of metabolites for six BTs varied distinctly, indicating structure-specific metabolism of BTs in plants. The findings of this study improve our understanding of structure-dependent fate and transformation of BTs in plants. Since BTs metabolites in food crops could present an unintended exposure route to consumers, the structure-specific differences of BTs uptake, metabolism and accumulation in plants must be considered when addressing human dietary exposure risks. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-48d2cf76d6f64c7b9d2dcaceb39ce25d |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj-art-48d2cf76d6f64c7b9d2dcaceb39ce25d2025-08-20T02:32:41ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202024-11-0119310907510.1016/j.envint.2024.109075Structure-Dependent uptake and metabolism of Tire additives Benzothiazoles in carrot plantJuan Wu0Yugang Lai1Xindong Yang2Qinghua Zhou3Zhuxiu Qian4Anping Zhang5Jianqiang Sun6Jay Gan7Key Laboratory of Microbial Control Technology for Industrial Pollution in Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, ChinaKey Laboratory of Microbial Control Technology for Industrial Pollution in Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, ChinaKey Laboratory of Microbial Control Technology for Industrial Pollution in Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, ChinaKey Laboratory of Microbial Control Technology for Industrial Pollution in Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, ChinaKey Laboratory of Microbial Control Technology for Industrial Pollution in Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, ChinaKey Laboratory of Microbial Control Technology for Industrial Pollution in Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, ChinaKey Laboratory of Microbial Control Technology for Industrial Pollution in Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Corresponding author at: Chaowang Road No. 18, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Gongshu District, 310014 Hangzhou, PR China.Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United StatesTire additives, such as benzothiazole and its derivatives (collectively called BTs), are large-volume chemicals that are constantly emitted into agricultural environment via tire-road wearing and other actions. The potential accumulation of BTs in food crops depends largely on their metabolism in plants, which is poorly understood. Herein, we evaluated uptake and metabolism of six BTs in carrot callus and intact carrot plants to understand their structure-specific metabolism. All BTs were readily taken up by carrot roots, with their root concentration factors (RCF) ranging from 1.66 ± 0.01 to 2.95 ± 0.05. Although the tested BTs exhibited poor upward translocation from root to leaves (translocation factors < 1), the translocation factors of 2-methylbenzothiazole (0.79) and 2-aminobenzothiazole (0.65) were significantly higher than that of 2-methylbenzothiazole (0.18) and 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole (0.22). These results indicated the structure-dependent uptake and translocation of BTs in carrot. Correlation analysis between log Kow and log RCF or TF revealed that the hydrophobicity of BTs predominantly affected their root uptake and acropetal translocation in carrots. With the aid of high-resolution mass spectrometry, a total of 18 novel metabolites of BTs were tentatively identified, suggesting that BT compounds can be metabolized by carrot callus. The proposed metabolites of BTs include four hydroxylated products, one demethylated product, five glycosylated products and eight amino acid conjugated products, revealing that glycosylation and amino acid conjugation were the dominant transformation pathways for BT metabolism in carrot. However, the detected species of metabolites for six BTs varied distinctly, indicating structure-specific metabolism of BTs in plants. The findings of this study improve our understanding of structure-dependent fate and transformation of BTs in plants. Since BTs metabolites in food crops could present an unintended exposure route to consumers, the structure-specific differences of BTs uptake, metabolism and accumulation in plants must be considered when addressing human dietary exposure risks.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412024006615Tire additivesBenzothiazolesStructure specificPhytotransformationBioaccumulation |
| spellingShingle | Juan Wu Yugang Lai Xindong Yang Qinghua Zhou Zhuxiu Qian Anping Zhang Jianqiang Sun Jay Gan Structure-Dependent uptake and metabolism of Tire additives Benzothiazoles in carrot plant Environment International Tire additives Benzothiazoles Structure specific Phytotransformation Bioaccumulation |
| title | Structure-Dependent uptake and metabolism of Tire additives Benzothiazoles in carrot plant |
| title_full | Structure-Dependent uptake and metabolism of Tire additives Benzothiazoles in carrot plant |
| title_fullStr | Structure-Dependent uptake and metabolism of Tire additives Benzothiazoles in carrot plant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structure-Dependent uptake and metabolism of Tire additives Benzothiazoles in carrot plant |
| title_short | Structure-Dependent uptake and metabolism of Tire additives Benzothiazoles in carrot plant |
| title_sort | structure dependent uptake and metabolism of tire additives benzothiazoles in carrot plant |
| topic | Tire additives Benzothiazoles Structure specific Phytotransformation Bioaccumulation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412024006615 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT juanwu structuredependentuptakeandmetabolismoftireadditivesbenzothiazolesincarrotplant AT yuganglai structuredependentuptakeandmetabolismoftireadditivesbenzothiazolesincarrotplant AT xindongyang structuredependentuptakeandmetabolismoftireadditivesbenzothiazolesincarrotplant AT qinghuazhou structuredependentuptakeandmetabolismoftireadditivesbenzothiazolesincarrotplant AT zhuxiuqian structuredependentuptakeandmetabolismoftireadditivesbenzothiazolesincarrotplant AT anpingzhang structuredependentuptakeandmetabolismoftireadditivesbenzothiazolesincarrotplant AT jianqiangsun structuredependentuptakeandmetabolismoftireadditivesbenzothiazolesincarrotplant AT jaygan structuredependentuptakeandmetabolismoftireadditivesbenzothiazolesincarrotplant |