Beyond mindfulness: how Buddhist meditation transforms consciousness through distinct psychological pathways

Buddhist meditation, encompassing practices such as Samatha (focused attention), Vipassana (open monitoring), and Metta (loving-kindness), offers unique pathways for transforming consciousness beyond conventional mindfulness. In this article, we review the studies that explore how these distinct med...

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Main Author: Cheng Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-08-01
Series:Frontiers in Psychology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1649564/full
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author Cheng Wang
author_facet Cheng Wang
author_sort Cheng Wang
collection DOAJ
description Buddhist meditation, encompassing practices such as Samatha (focused attention), Vipassana (open monitoring), and Metta (loving-kindness), offers unique pathways for transforming consciousness beyond conventional mindfulness. In this article, we review the studies that explore how these distinct meditative techniques systematically cultivate meta-cognitive insight, emotional regulation, and self-inquiry, facilitating profound shifts in awareness and personal growth. Recent neuroscience and psychology studies show that these techniques influence the mind in different ways: they strengthen attentional stability, reshape self-referential thinking, and reorganize emotional patterns. Such modifications are evident in reorganized brain networks (for example, the default-mode network) and in characteristic EEG patterns. While sharing some parallels with Western mindfulness and hypnosis, Buddhist meditation uniquely emphasizes ethical integration and profound introspection. Challenges remain in objectively measuring advanced meditative states, particularly the experience of “no-self” (anattā), due to the reliance on subjective self-report. Future research should incorporate culturally sensitive methodologies, objective behavioral tasks, and interdisciplinary approaches like neurophenomenology to integrate traditional contemplative wisdom with rigorous scientific inquiry.
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spelling doaj-art-48650f376dfe4a0a8b73fb68fb0b29f32025-08-20T03:43:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782025-08-011610.3389/fpsyg.2025.16495641649564Beyond mindfulness: how Buddhist meditation transforms consciousness through distinct psychological pathwaysCheng WangBuddhist meditation, encompassing practices such as Samatha (focused attention), Vipassana (open monitoring), and Metta (loving-kindness), offers unique pathways for transforming consciousness beyond conventional mindfulness. In this article, we review the studies that explore how these distinct meditative techniques systematically cultivate meta-cognitive insight, emotional regulation, and self-inquiry, facilitating profound shifts in awareness and personal growth. Recent neuroscience and psychology studies show that these techniques influence the mind in different ways: they strengthen attentional stability, reshape self-referential thinking, and reorganize emotional patterns. Such modifications are evident in reorganized brain networks (for example, the default-mode network) and in characteristic EEG patterns. While sharing some parallels with Western mindfulness and hypnosis, Buddhist meditation uniquely emphasizes ethical integration and profound introspection. Challenges remain in objectively measuring advanced meditative states, particularly the experience of “no-self” (anattā), due to the reliance on subjective self-report. Future research should incorporate culturally sensitive methodologies, objective behavioral tasks, and interdisciplinary approaches like neurophenomenology to integrate traditional contemplative wisdom with rigorous scientific inquiry.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1649564/fullBuddhist meditationconsciousness transformationpsychological mechanismsmetacognitiontherapeutic efficacycultural sensitivity
spellingShingle Cheng Wang
Beyond mindfulness: how Buddhist meditation transforms consciousness through distinct psychological pathways
Frontiers in Psychology
Buddhist meditation
consciousness transformation
psychological mechanisms
metacognition
therapeutic efficacy
cultural sensitivity
title Beyond mindfulness: how Buddhist meditation transforms consciousness through distinct psychological pathways
title_full Beyond mindfulness: how Buddhist meditation transforms consciousness through distinct psychological pathways
title_fullStr Beyond mindfulness: how Buddhist meditation transforms consciousness through distinct psychological pathways
title_full_unstemmed Beyond mindfulness: how Buddhist meditation transforms consciousness through distinct psychological pathways
title_short Beyond mindfulness: how Buddhist meditation transforms consciousness through distinct psychological pathways
title_sort beyond mindfulness how buddhist meditation transforms consciousness through distinct psychological pathways
topic Buddhist meditation
consciousness transformation
psychological mechanisms
metacognition
therapeutic efficacy
cultural sensitivity
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1649564/full
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