Encapsulation for efficient cryopreservation

Cryopreservation is a fundamental technology in biomedical research, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering, enabling the long-term storage of cells, tissues, and organs. However, its effectiveness is limited by challenges such as intracellular ice formation, cryoprotectant toxicity, and redu...

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Main Authors: Memon Kashan, Zhang Bing, Fareed Muhammad Azam, Zhao Gang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: De Gruyter 2025-08-01
Series:Frigid Zone Medicine
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1515/fzm-2025-0008
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author Memon Kashan
Zhang Bing
Fareed Muhammad Azam
Zhao Gang
author_facet Memon Kashan
Zhang Bing
Fareed Muhammad Azam
Zhao Gang
author_sort Memon Kashan
collection DOAJ
description Cryopreservation is a fundamental technology in biomedical research, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering, enabling the long-term storage of cells, tissues, and organs. However, its effectiveness is limited by challenges such as intracellular ice formation, cryoprotectant toxicity, and reduced post-thaw viability. This review explores the crucial role of encapsulation in enhancing cryopreservation efficiency, with a focus on recent advances in materials science, bioengineering, and cryobiology. Emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology and stimuli-responsive polymers, are transforming encapsulation strategies. Innovations such as microfluidic systems offer precise control over cooling rates and cryoprotectant distribution, thereby mitigating conventional limitations. The review also addresses current obstacles related to scaling up encapsulation processes and ensuring the long-term biocompatibility and stability of preserved specimens. By synthesizing recent findings, this work provides a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians seeking to enhance biopreservation techniques and their applications in contemporary medicine and biotechnology. Finally, the review identifies critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to improve the efficacy of cryopreservation strategies and advance their clinical translation.
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spelling doaj-art-485b441cedf34c439e16f6de76ffe4352025-08-25T06:10:32ZengDe GruyterFrigid Zone Medicine2719-80732025-08-0152738010.1515/fzm-2025-0008Encapsulation for efficient cryopreservationMemon Kashan0Zhang Bing1Fareed Muhammad Azam2Zhao Gang3Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, ChinaDepartment of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, ChinaDepartment of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, ChinaDepartment of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, ChinaCryopreservation is a fundamental technology in biomedical research, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering, enabling the long-term storage of cells, tissues, and organs. However, its effectiveness is limited by challenges such as intracellular ice formation, cryoprotectant toxicity, and reduced post-thaw viability. This review explores the crucial role of encapsulation in enhancing cryopreservation efficiency, with a focus on recent advances in materials science, bioengineering, and cryobiology. Emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology and stimuli-responsive polymers, are transforming encapsulation strategies. Innovations such as microfluidic systems offer precise control over cooling rates and cryoprotectant distribution, thereby mitigating conventional limitations. The review also addresses current obstacles related to scaling up encapsulation processes and ensuring the long-term biocompatibility and stability of preserved specimens. By synthesizing recent findings, this work provides a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians seeking to enhance biopreservation techniques and their applications in contemporary medicine and biotechnology. Finally, the review identifies critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to improve the efficacy of cryopreservation strategies and advance their clinical translation.https://doi.org/10.1515/fzm-2025-0008cryopreservationencapsulationhydrogelsbiomaterialstissue engineeringregenerative medicinenanotechnologysmart polymers
spellingShingle Memon Kashan
Zhang Bing
Fareed Muhammad Azam
Zhao Gang
Encapsulation for efficient cryopreservation
Frigid Zone Medicine
cryopreservation
encapsulation
hydrogels
biomaterials
tissue engineering
regenerative medicine
nanotechnology
smart polymers
title Encapsulation for efficient cryopreservation
title_full Encapsulation for efficient cryopreservation
title_fullStr Encapsulation for efficient cryopreservation
title_full_unstemmed Encapsulation for efficient cryopreservation
title_short Encapsulation for efficient cryopreservation
title_sort encapsulation for efficient cryopreservation
topic cryopreservation
encapsulation
hydrogels
biomaterials
tissue engineering
regenerative medicine
nanotechnology
smart polymers
url https://doi.org/10.1515/fzm-2025-0008
work_keys_str_mv AT memonkashan encapsulationforefficientcryopreservation
AT zhangbing encapsulationforefficientcryopreservation
AT fareedmuhammadazam encapsulationforefficientcryopreservation
AT zhaogang encapsulationforefficientcryopreservation