Wear Behavior Analysis and Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network Prediction of Coefficient of Friction in Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C Composites
Aluminum-based metal matrix composites reinforced with B<sub>4</sub>C are advanced materials recognized for their exceptional combination of lightweight properties, high hardness, and superior wear resistance. These characteristics make them perfectly suited for applications demanding ex...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/13/1/6 |
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| author | Mihail Kolev Ludmil Drenchev Veselin Petkov Rositza Dimitrova Krasimir Kolev Boris Yanachkov |
| author_facet | Mihail Kolev Ludmil Drenchev Veselin Petkov Rositza Dimitrova Krasimir Kolev Boris Yanachkov |
| author_sort | Mihail Kolev |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aluminum-based metal matrix composites reinforced with B<sub>4</sub>C are advanced materials recognized for their exceptional combination of lightweight properties, high hardness, and superior wear resistance. These characteristics make them perfectly suited for applications demanding exceptional performance in extreme mechanical and tribological environments. This study investigates the wear behavior, microstructural characteristics, and predictive modeling of Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C composites fabricated via powder metallurgy with varying B<sub>4</sub>C contents (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt.%). The addition of B<sub>4</sub>C microparticles to Al10Cu composites significantly influenced their tribological properties with 2.5 wt.% B<sub>4</sub>C achieving a 21.74% reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) and 7.5 wt.% B<sub>4</sub>C providing a remarkable 65.00% improvement in wear resistance. Microstructural analysis using SEM and EDS was conducted on the unreinforced materials and the reinforced composites both before and after the wear tests. To further analyze and predict the tribological performance, a Gated Recurrent Unit neural network was developed to predict COF values. The need for this model arises from its potential to cost-effectively facilitate the prediction of COF, diminishing the need for extensive experimental testing while being noted for its simplicity and ease of implementation in practical applications. The model achieved excellent accuracy with an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9965 for the test set and 0.9917 for the validation set. Additionally, feature importance analysis using Random Forest models identified reinforcement-related features as the dominant predictors for both COF and mass wear. These findings demonstrate the potential of Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C composites for emerging industrial applications, where enhanced wear resistance and controlled friction are critical for improving efficiency and durability under rigorous operating conditions. Furthermore, this study highlights the efficacy of neural network models in accurately predicting COF, providing a powerful tool for optimizing the performance of advanced composite materials. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4790139ecce04c3ebc199f657ffec346 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4442 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Lubricants |
| spelling | doaj-art-4790139ecce04c3ebc199f657ffec3462025-01-24T13:38:57ZengMDPI AGLubricants2075-44422024-12-01131610.3390/lubricants13010006Wear Behavior Analysis and Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network Prediction of Coefficient of Friction in Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C CompositesMihail Kolev0Ludmil Drenchev1Veselin Petkov2Rositza Dimitrova3Krasimir Kolev4Boris Yanachkov5Institute of Metal Science, Equipment and Technologies with Hydro- and Aerodynamics Centre “Acad. A. Balevski”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1574 Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Metal Science, Equipment and Technologies with Hydro- and Aerodynamics Centre “Acad. A. Balevski”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1574 Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Metal Science, Equipment and Technologies with Hydro- and Aerodynamics Centre “Acad. A. Balevski”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1574 Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Metal Science, Equipment and Technologies with Hydro- and Aerodynamics Centre “Acad. A. Balevski”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1574 Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Metal Science, Equipment and Technologies with Hydro- and Aerodynamics Centre “Acad. A. Balevski”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1574 Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Metal Science, Equipment and Technologies with Hydro- and Aerodynamics Centre “Acad. A. Balevski”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1574 Sofia, BulgariaAluminum-based metal matrix composites reinforced with B<sub>4</sub>C are advanced materials recognized for their exceptional combination of lightweight properties, high hardness, and superior wear resistance. These characteristics make them perfectly suited for applications demanding exceptional performance in extreme mechanical and tribological environments. This study investigates the wear behavior, microstructural characteristics, and predictive modeling of Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C composites fabricated via powder metallurgy with varying B<sub>4</sub>C contents (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt.%). The addition of B<sub>4</sub>C microparticles to Al10Cu composites significantly influenced their tribological properties with 2.5 wt.% B<sub>4</sub>C achieving a 21.74% reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) and 7.5 wt.% B<sub>4</sub>C providing a remarkable 65.00% improvement in wear resistance. Microstructural analysis using SEM and EDS was conducted on the unreinforced materials and the reinforced composites both before and after the wear tests. To further analyze and predict the tribological performance, a Gated Recurrent Unit neural network was developed to predict COF values. The need for this model arises from its potential to cost-effectively facilitate the prediction of COF, diminishing the need for extensive experimental testing while being noted for its simplicity and ease of implementation in practical applications. The model achieved excellent accuracy with an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9965 for the test set and 0.9917 for the validation set. Additionally, feature importance analysis using Random Forest models identified reinforcement-related features as the dominant predictors for both COF and mass wear. These findings demonstrate the potential of Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C composites for emerging industrial applications, where enhanced wear resistance and controlled friction are critical for improving efficiency and durability under rigorous operating conditions. Furthermore, this study highlights the efficacy of neural network models in accurately predicting COF, providing a powerful tool for optimizing the performance of advanced composite materials.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/13/1/6Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C compositesmetal matrix compositeswear characteristicsdry-sliding frictiongated recurrent unitneural network |
| spellingShingle | Mihail Kolev Ludmil Drenchev Veselin Petkov Rositza Dimitrova Krasimir Kolev Boris Yanachkov Wear Behavior Analysis and Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network Prediction of Coefficient of Friction in Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C Composites Lubricants Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C composites metal matrix composites wear characteristics dry-sliding friction gated recurrent unit neural network |
| title | Wear Behavior Analysis and Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network Prediction of Coefficient of Friction in Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C Composites |
| title_full | Wear Behavior Analysis and Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network Prediction of Coefficient of Friction in Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C Composites |
| title_fullStr | Wear Behavior Analysis and Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network Prediction of Coefficient of Friction in Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C Composites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wear Behavior Analysis and Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network Prediction of Coefficient of Friction in Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C Composites |
| title_short | Wear Behavior Analysis and Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network Prediction of Coefficient of Friction in Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C Composites |
| title_sort | wear behavior analysis and gated recurrent unit neural network prediction of coefficient of friction in al10cu b sub 4 sub c composites |
| topic | Al10Cu-B<sub>4</sub>C composites metal matrix composites wear characteristics dry-sliding friction gated recurrent unit neural network |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/13/1/6 |
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